Process for making cgrp receptor antagonists

ABSTRACT

Methods for preventing pest infestations are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods for preventing infestations involve use of pyrethroid insecticides or the stereoisomers or salts thereof.

The claimed subject matter was developed with Government support under NIH Grant No. U01AI054777, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The Government has certain rights in the claimed subject matter.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to methods for preventing pest infestations, and in particular embodiments, methods for preventing infestations by use of pyrethroid insecticides or the stereoisomers or salts thereof for the purposes of human public health, veterinary medicine, and animal agriculture.

BACKGROUND

Invertebrate pests and in particular insects and arthropods can have negative effects on the quality of human life. For instance, when found in the home, insects and other arthropods can be a source of annoyance due purely to their presence. They may also spread disease and allergens. While a large number of pesticidal agents are known, due to the ability of target pests to develop resistance to said agents, there is an ongoing need for new agents for combating invertebrate pests such as insects and arachnids.

Among the insects which are particularly undesirable are domestic mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are known to be a vector for the spread of many infection diseases in humans such as malaria, yellow fever, West Nile virus and dengue fever. Infections spread by mosquitoes result in illness and even death of infected hosts.

There is a continuing need to provide compounds having a good pesticidal activity and showing a broad activity spectrum against a large number of different invertebrate pests, especially against difficult to control insects and arachnids.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates to a method for combating or controlling invertebrate pests of the group of insects or arachnids, which method comprises contacting said pest or its food supply, habitat or breeding grounds with a pesticidally effective amount of at least one compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure.

The present disclosure also relates to the use of a compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure for combating or controlling invertebrate pests of the group of insects or arachnids.

The present disclosure also relates to the use of a compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure for combating or controlling invertebrate pests in and on animals.

The present disclosure also relates to a method for treating an animal infested or infected by pests or for preventing animals from getting infested or infected by pests or for protecting an animal against infestation or infection by pests which comprises orally, topically or parenterally administering or applying to the animal a pesticidally effective amount of a compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure.

The present disclosure also relates to the use of a compound according to the disclosure or a composition according to the disclosure for the manufacture of a medicament for protecting an animal against infestation or infection by pests or treating an animal infested or infected by pests.

The present disclosure also relates to a process for the preparation of a composition for treating animals infested or infected by pests, for preventing animals of getting infected or infested by pests or protecting animals against infestation or infection by pests which comprises a compound according to the disclosure including a stereoisomer, salt, tautomer or N-oxide thereof.

The present disclosure also relates to a compound according to the disclosure including a stereoisomer, salt, tautomer or N-oxide thereof for use as a medicament.

The present disclosure also relates to a compound according to the disclosure for use in the treatment, control, prevention or protection of animals against infestation or infection by pests.

The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising a pesticidally effective amount of compounds of the present disclosure and an acceptable carrier, for combating pests in and on animals.

One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method for protecting an animal, including a human, against a pest infestation as the infestation pertains to human public health, veterinary medicine, and animal agriculture. A pesticidally effective amount of compound of formula (I),

or a stereoisomer or salt thereof is applied or administered to the animal or to a locus within an environment in which the animal interacts. R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of halogens and C₁-C₄-haloalkyl. R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of halogens. R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄-haloalkyls. R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogens.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method for protecting an animal, including humans, against mosquitoes. A partial barrier is provided between the animal and a source of mosquitoes. The barrier has a compound of formula (I)

or stereoisomer or salt thereof at the surface of the barrier or embedded therein. R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of halogens and C₁-C₄-haloalkyl. R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of halogens. R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄-haloalkyls. R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogens.

Various refinements exist of the features noted in relation to the above-mentioned aspects of the present disclosure. Further features may also be incorporated in the above-mentioned aspects of the present disclosure as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. For instance, various features discussed below in relation to any of the illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into any of the above-described aspects of the present disclosure, alone or in any combination.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing contact irritancy test results according to Example 2;

FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing spacial repellency test results according to Example 3;

FIG. 3 is a scatter plot of contact irritancy and spacial repellency test results according to Example 4;

FIG. 4 is a bar graph showin contact irritancy test results according to Example 5;

FIG. 5 is a bar graph showing spacial repellency test results according to Example 6;

FIGS. 6-9 are bar graphs showing mosquito counts according to Example 12.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, an animal is protected from infestations of pests by application of a compound of formula (I),

or a stereoisomer or salt thereof, wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and C₁-C₄-haloalkyl; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of halogen; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄-haloalkyl; and R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen. The compounds of formula (I), their stereoisomers and their salts are particularly useful for controlling invertebrate pests, in particular for controlling arthropods and especially insects.

In this regard, while reference may be made herein to compounds of formula I, it should be noted that the methods of the present disclosure are also applicable to stereoisomers and salts of said compounds. Accordingly, reference to “compound(s) of the present disclosure” includes compound(s) as defined by formula I as well as a stereoisomer or salt thereof. Further, the phrase “composition(s) according to the present disclosure” as used herein includes composition(s) comprising at least one compound of formula I or a stereoisomer or salt thereof.

Depending on the substitution pattern, the compounds of the formula (I) may have one or more centers of chirality, in which case they are present as mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers. Both the pure enantiomers or pure diastereomers of the compounds of formula (I) or their mixtures may be used to protect animals from infestation in accordance with the present disclosure. Suitable compounds of the formula (I) which may be used include all possible geometrical stereoisomers (cis/trans isomers) and mixtures thereof. Cis/trans isomers may be present with respect to an alkene, carbon-nitrogen double-bond or amide group. As used herein, the term “stereoisomer(s)” encompasses both optical isomers, such as enantiomers or diastereomers, the latter existing due to more than one center of chirality in the molecule, as well as geometrical isomers (cis/trans isomers).

The compounds of the present disclosure that are used to protect animals against pests may be amorphous or may exist in one or more different crystalline states (polymorphs) which may have different macroscopic properties such as stability or may show different biological properties such as activities. The present disclosure includes both amorphous and crystalline compounds of formula (I), their enantiomers or diastereomers, mixtures of different crystalline states of the respective compound of formula (I), its enantiomers or diastereomers, as well as amorphous or crystalline salts thereof.

Preferably, in embodiments wherein a salt of a compound of formula I is applied or administered, the salt is safe for use near animals (including, in some embodiments, humans). The salt may be formed in a customary method, e.g., by reacting the compound with an acid if the compound of the present disclosure has a basic functionality or by reacting the compound with a suitable base if the compound of the present disclosure has an acidic functionality.

Suitable pesticidal salts are especially the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts of those acids whose cations and anions, respectively, do not have any adverse effect on the pesticidal action of the compounds of the present disclosure. Suitable cations are in particular the ions of the alkali metals, preferably lithium, sodium and potassium, of the alkaline earth metals, preferably calcium, magnesium and barium, and of the transition metals, preferably manganese, copper, zinc and iron, and also ammonium (NH⁴⁺) and substituted ammonium in which one to four of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by C₁-C₄-alkyl, C₁-C₄-hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₄-alkoxy, C₁-C₄-alkoxy-C₁-C₄-alkyl, hydroxy-C₁-C₄-alkoxy-C₁-C₄-alkyl, phenyl or benzyl. Examples of substituted ammonium ions comprise methylammonium, isopropylammonium, dimethylammonium, diisopropylammonium, trimethylammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, 2-hydroxyethylammonium, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethylammonium, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium and benzl-triethylammonium, furthermore phosphonium ions, sulfonium ions, preferably tri(C₁-C₄-alkyl)sulfonium, and sulfoxonium ions, preferably tri(C₁-C₄-alkyl)sulfoxonium.

Anions of useful acid addition salts are primarily chloride, bromide, fluoride, hydrogensulfate, sulfate, dihydrogenphosphate, hydrogenphosphate, phosphate, nitrate, bicarbonate, carbonate, hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, benzoate, and the anions of C₁-C₄-alkanoic acids, preferably formate, acetate, propionate and butyrate. They can be formed by reacting compounds of the present disclosure with an acid of the corresponding anion, preferably of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid.

Veterinary acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts which are known and accepted in the art for the formation of salts for veterinary use. Suitable acid addition salts, e.g., formed by compounds of the present disclosure containing a basic nitrogen atom, e.g., an amino group, include salts with inorganic acids, for example hydrochlorids, sulphates, phosphates, and nitrates and salts of organic acids for example acetic acid, maleic acid, e.g., the monoacid salts or diacid salts of maleic acid, dimaleic acid, fumaric acid, e.g., the monoacid salts or diacid salts of fumaric acid, difumaric acid, methane sulfenic acid, methane sulfonic acid, and succinic acid. Pharmaceutical acceptable salts of the compounds of the present disclosure include the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts which are known and accepted in the art for the formation of salts for pharmaceutical use.

The term “halogen” denotes fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine, more preferably fluorine or chlorine, and, in particular, fluorine.

The organic moieties mentioned in the above definitions of the variables are—like the term halogen—collective terms for individual listings of the individual group members. The prefix C_(n)-C_(m) indicates in each case the possible number of carbon atoms in the group.

The term “C_(n)-C_(m)-haloalkyl” as used herein refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having n to m carbon atoms, e.g., 1 to 4, in particular 1 to 2 carbon atoms (as mentioned above), where some or all of the hydrogen atoms in these groups may be replaced by halogen atoms as mentioned above, for example C₁-C₄-haloalkyl, such as chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like. The term C₁-C₄-haloalkyl in particular comprises C₁-C₂-fluoroalkyl, which is synonym with methyl or ethyl, wherein 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms, such as fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl and pentafluoromethyl.

It should be noted that the remarks herein as to preferred embodiments of the variables (substituents) of the compounds of formula (I) are valid on their own as well as preferably in combination with each other. The remarks made below concerning preferred embodiments of the variables further are valid on their own as well as preferably in combination with each other concerning the uses and methods of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a compound of formula (I) relates to compounds of formula (I),

or a stereoisomer or salt thereof, wherein R¹, R² are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and C₁-C₄-haloalkyl; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of halogen; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄-haloalkyl; and R¹² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen.

In some preferred embodiments, R¹, R² are independently selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, and pentafluoroethyl. In a more preferred embodiment, R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of chlorine, C₁-C₂-chloroalkyl, and C₁-C₂-fluoroalkyl, wherein chlorine, C₁-chloroalkyl, and C₁-fluoroalkyl are even more preferred.

In preferred embodiments, at least one of R¹ and R² are selected from halogen, such as chlorine or fluorine. More preferred, at least one of R¹ and R² are selected from chlorine.

In another more preferred embodiment, one of R¹ and R² are selected from halogen (such as chlorine) and one of R¹ and R² are selected from C₁-C₄-haloalkyl.

In other preferred embodiments, at least one of R¹ or R² are selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄-haloalkyl, preferably C₁-C₂-haloalkyl, such as chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, and pentafluoroethyl.

In other preferred embodiments, R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of chlorine and fluorine, wherein fluorine is more preferred.

In other preferred embodiments, R¹² is selected from the group consisting of chlorine and fluorine, wherein fluorine is more preferred.

In other preferred embodiments, R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₂-chloroalkyl and C₁-C₂-fluoroalkyl, such as chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, and pentafluoroethyl. In more preferred embodiments, R¹¹ is trifluoromethyl.

In other preferred embodiments, R¹⁰ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consisting of chlorine and fluorine. In more preferred embodiments, R¹⁰ and R¹² are fluorine.

In most preferred embodiments, R¹ is chlorine, R² is trifluoromethyl, R¹⁰ and R¹² are fluorine, and R¹¹ is trifluoromethyl.

In other most preferred embodiments, R¹ and R² are chlorine, R¹⁰ and R¹² are fluorine, and R¹¹ is trifluoromethyl.

The compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by the standard methods of organic chemistry. The compounds of the formula (I) belong to the class of pyrethroids, and may be synthesized similar to other pyrethroids, such as described in DE 3005722, EP 0621254, EP 0128351, JP 05-279213 or EP 0006978, each of which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.

As a rule, the compounds of formula (I), and their precursors in the synthesis process, can be prepared by the methods described above. If individual compounds can not be prepared via the above-described routes, they can be prepared by derivatization of other compounds (I) or the respective precursor or by customary modifications of the synthesis routes described. For example, in individual cases, certain compounds of formula (I) can advantageously be prepared from other compounds of formula (I) by derivatization, e.g., by ester hydrolysis, amidation, esterification, ether cleavage, olefination, reduction, oxidation and the like, or by customary modifications of the synthesis routes described.

The reaction mixtures are worked up in the customary manner, for example by mixing with water, separating the phases, and, if appropriate, purifying the crude products by chromatography, for example on alumina or on silica gel. Some of the intermediates and end products may be obtained in the form of colorless or pale brown viscous oils which are freed or purified from volatile components under reduced pressure and at moderately elevated temperature. If the intermediates and end products are obtained as solids, they may be purified by recrystallization or trituration.

Due to their excellent activity, the compounds of the present disclosure may be used for controlling pests including infestations of such pests. The term “pest” as used herein encompasses any invertebrate animal of the phylum Arthropoda that is detrimental to an animal (including humans). In some embodiments, the pest is an invertebrate pest such as an arthropod including insects and arachnids. In some embodiments, the pest which is controlled is an insect.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the pest(s) may be controlled by (1) applying or administering the compound of formula (1) to an animal which is or may become infested and/or (2) by applying the compound to a locus within an environment in which the animal interacts. As used herein, the compound may be “applied” or “administered” by, for example, use of a pesticidal composition of the compound or by use of an article (e.g., a net) which includes the compound at the surface of the article or embedded or impregnated within the article. Further, “locus” means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, area, material or environment in which a pest or parasite may be found.

Pesticidal compositions include, for example, liquid, aerosol or dust compositions that are applied to a target surface. Pesticidal compositions also include veterinary and/or pharmaceutical compositions that may be used to directly apply or administer the composition to the animal which is desired to be protected. The composition may be applied in any manner that is known and suitable to those of skill in the art for applying such compositions. For example, the composition may be applied by use of a pressurized canisters, pump canisters, aerosols, foggers, bombs, repellant candles, other fumigants, dusts, powders, gels, unit-dosed applicators or the like.

The pesticide compound may be administered or applied directly to an animal topically, orally or parenterally. In some embodiments, the composition is applied topically to an animal.

In some embodiments, the compound is applied to a locus in which the animal interacts such as, for example, the dwelling of the animal or to another structure which the animal is known to inhabit. In embodiments wherein humans are desired to be protected, a compound of formula (I) may be applied to the exterior of commercial or residential structures and, in some embodiments, to interiors of such structures as well. The composition may be applied to the ground (e.g., as a soil treatment) and/or exterior surface of a building structure, landscaping materials, and/or about any outdoor area (e.g., a garden area, a treed area, wooden fence posts, etc.).

Accordingly, the present disclosure also provides a method for controlling invertebrate pests which method comprises treating the pests, their food supply or their habitat or their breeding ground or soil, area, material or environment in which the pests are growing or may grow, or the materials, soils, surfaces or spaces to be protected from pest attack or infestation with a pesticidally effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure or a composition as defined above.

In embodiments wherein the compound of formula (I) is applied by a liquid pesticide composition, the composition may concentrated or in a ready-to-use concentration. If a concentration is used, the composition is diluted before use with dilution typically being performed by the end user (e.g., in a pump spray bottle). The composition may be diluted by addition of solvent (e.g., water) at the site of use. When used by a pest control professional, the composition may alternatively be diluted at the place of business of the professional. Alternatively and in some embodiments, the pesticide composition is a ready-to-use composition that is not diluted prior to use.

In some embodiments, an article is coated with the compound of formula (I) or the compound of formula (I) may be embedded or impregnated within the article. Any article that may be found within the environment of an animal of which protection is desired may be used. In embodiments in which protection of humans from pest infestation is desired, the article may be, for example, netting, clothing, structural material (floorboards, exterior walls, etc.), linens and the like.

Compositions of the present disclosure used to administer or apply a compound of formula (I) may comprise a single active compound of a compound of formula (I) or a mixture of several active compounds of the present disclosure. The composition according to the present disclosure may comprise an individual isomer or mixtures of isomers or a salt as well as individual tautomers or mixtures of tautomers.

As described above, the compounds of formula (I), their stereoisomers and their salts are particularly useful for controlling invertebrate pests, in particular for controlling arthropods and especially insects. As used herein “pests” include ectoparasites which may infest animals, in particular warm blooded animals such as e.g., mammals or birds, or other higher animals such as reptiles, amphibians or fish, thereby causing substantial damage to the animals infested. The compounds of formula (I) may be especially suitable for efficiently combating or controlling the following pests:

-   -   Insects from the order of the lepidopterans (Lepidoptera), for         example Agrotis ypsilon, Agrotis segetum, Alabama argillacea,         Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyresthia conjugella, Autographa gamma,         Bupalus piniarius, Cacoecia murinana, Capua reticulana,         Chematobia brumata, Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura         occidentalis, Cirphis unipuncta, Cydia pomonella, Dendrolimus         pini, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea grandiosella, Earias         insulana, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eupoecilia ambiguella,         Evetria bouliana, Feltia subterranea, Galleria mellonella,         Grapholitha funebrana, Grapholitha molesta, Heliothis armigera,         Heliothis virescens, Heliothis zea, Hellula undalis, Hibernia         defoliaria, Hyphantria cunea, Hyponomeuta malinellus, Keiferia         lycopersicella, Lambdina fiscellaria, Laphygma exigua,         Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera scitella, Lithocolletis         blancardella, Lobesia botrana, Loxostege sticticalis, Lymantria         dispar, Lymantria monacha, Lyonetia clerkella, Malacosoma         neustria, Mamestra brassicae, Orgyia pseudotsugata, Ostrinia         nubilalis, Panolis flammea, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma         saucia, Phalera bucephala, Phthorimaea operculella,         Phyllocnistis citrella, Pieris brassicae, Plathypena scabra,         Plutella xylostella, Pseudoplusia includens, Rhyacionia         frustrana, Scrobipalpula absoluta, Sitotroga cerealella,         Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera         littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Thaumatopoea pityocampa, Tortrix         viridana, Trichoplusia ni and Zeiraphera canadensis;     -   beetles (Coleoptera), for example Agrilus sinuatus, Agriotes         lineatus, Agriotes obscurus, Amphimallus solstitialis,         Anisandrus dispar, Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus pomorum,         Aphthona euphoridae, Athous haemorrhoidalis, Atomaria linearis,         Blastophagus piniperda, Blitophaga undata, Bruchus rufimanus,         Bruchus pisorum, Bruchus lentis, Byctiscus betulae, Cassida         nebulosa, Cerotoma trifurcata, Cetonia aurata, Ceuthorrhynchus         assimilis, Ceuthorrhynchus napi, Chaetocnema tibialis, Conoderus         vespertinus, Crioceris asparagi, Ctenicera ssp., Diabrotica         longicornis, Diabrotica semipunctata, Diabrotica 12-punctata         Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica virgifera, Epilachna varivestis,         Epitrix hirtipennis, Eutinobothrus brasiliensis, Hylobius         abietis, Hypera brunneipennis, Hypera postica, Ips typographus,         Lema bilineata, Lema melanopus, Leptinotarsa decemlineata,         Limonius californicus, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Melanotus         communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha hippocastani, Melolontha         melolontha, Oulema oryzae, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Otiorrhynchus         ovatus, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllobius pyri, Phyllotreta         chrysocephala, Phyllophaga sp., Phyllopertha horticola,         Phyllotreta nemorum, Phyllotreta striolata, Popillia japonica,         Sitona lineatus and Sitophilus granaria;     -   flies, mosquitoes (Diptera), e.g., Aedes aegypti, Aedes         albopictus, Aedes vexans, Anastrepha ludens, Anopheles         maculipennis, Anopheles crucians, Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles         gambiae, Anopheles freeborni, Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles         minimus, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis         capitata, Chrysomya bezziana, Chrysomya hominivorax, Chrysomya         macellaria, Chrysops discalis, Chrysops silacea, Chrysops         atlanticus, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Contarinia sorghicola         Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culicoides furens, Culex pipiens,         Culex nigripalpus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex tarsalis,         Culiseta inornata, Culiseta melanura, Dacus cucurbitae, Dacus         oleae, Dasineura brassicae, Delia antique, Delia coarctata,         Delia platura, Delia radicum, Dermatobia hominis, Fannia         canicularis, Geomyza Tripunctata, Gasterophilus intestinalis,         Glossina morsitans, Glossina palpalis, Glossina fuscipes,         Glossina tachinoides, Haematobia irritans, Haplodiplosis         equestris, Hippelates spp., Hylemyia platura, Hypoderma lineata,         Leptoconops torrens, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza trifolii,         Lucilia caprina, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Lycoria         pectoralis, Mansonia titillanus, Mayetiola destructor, Musca         autumnalis, Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Oestrus ovis,         Opomyza florum, Oscinella frit, Pegomya hysocyami, Phorbia         antiqua, Phorbia brassicae, Phorbia coarctata, Phlebotomus         argentipes, Psorophora columbiae, Psila rosae, Psorophora         discolor, Prosimulium mixtum, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis         pomonella, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga spp., Simulium         vittatum, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus bovinus, Tabanus atratus,         Tabanus lineola, and Tabanus similis, Tipula oleracea, and         Tipula paludosa;     -   thrips (Thysanoptera), e.g., Dichromothrips corbetti,         Dichromothrips ssp., Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella         occidentalis, Frankliniella tritici, Scirtothrips citri, Thrips         oryzae, Thrips palmi and Thrips tabaci,     -   termites (Isoptera), e.g., Calotermes flavicollis, Leucotermes         flavipes, Heterotermes aureus, Reticulitermes flavipes,         Reticulitermes virginicus, Reticulitermes lucifugus,         Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes grassei, Termes         natalensis, and Coptotermes formosanus;     -   cockroaches (Blattaria—Blattodea), e.g., Blattella germanica,         Blattella asahinae, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta japonica,         Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuligginosa, Periplaneta         australasiae, and Blatta orientalis;     -   bugs, aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, scale insects, cicadas         (Hemiptera), e.g., Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus,         Cyrtopeltis notatus, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus         intermedius, Eurygaster integriceps, Euschistus impictiventris,         Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus lineolaris, Lygus pratensis,         Nezara viridula, Piesma quadrata, Solubea insularis, Thyanta         perditor, Acyrthosiphon onobrychis, Adelges laricis, Aphidula         nasturtii, Aphis fabae, Aphis forbesi, Aphis pomi, Aphis         gossypii, Aphis grossulariae, Aphis schneideri, Aphis         spiraecola, Aphis sambuci, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aulacorthum         solani, Bemisia argentifolii, Brachycaudus cardui, Brachycaudus         helichrysi, Brachycaudus persicae, Brachycaudus prunicola,         Brevicoryne brassicae, Capitophorus horni, Cerosipha gossypii,         Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Cryptomyzus ribis, Dreyfusia         nordmannianae, Dreyfusia piceae, Dysaphis radicola,         Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis         pyri, Empoasca fabae, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyperomyzus lactucae,         Macrosiphum avenae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphon rosae,         Megoura viciae, Melanaphis pyrarius, Metopolophium dirhodum,         Myzus persicae, Myzus ascalonicus, Myzus cerasi, Myzus varians,         Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Nilaparvata lugens, Pemphigus bursarius,         Perkinsiella saccharicida, Phorodon humuli, Psylla mali, Psylla         piri, Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus, Rhopalosiphum maidis,         Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Sappaphis mala,         Sappaphis mali, Schizaphis graminum, Schizoneura lanuginosa,         Sitobion avenae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Toxoptera         aurantiiand, Viteus vitifolii, Cimex lectularius, Cimex         hemipterus, Reduvius senilis, Triatoma spp., and Arilus         critatus;     -   ants, bees, wasps, sawflies (Hymenoptera), e.g., Athalia rosae,         Atta cephalotes, Atta capiguara, Atta cephalotes, Atta         laevigata, Atta robusta, Atta sexdens, Atta texana,         Crematogaster spp., Hoplocampa minuta, Hoplocampa testudinea,         Lasius niger, Monomorium pharaonis, Solenopsis geminata,         Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis richteri, Solenopsis xyloni,         Pogonomyrmex barbatus, Pogonomyrmex californicus, Pheidole         megacephala, Dasymutilla occidentalis, Bombus spp., Vespula         squamosa, Paravespula vulgaris, Paravespula pennsylvanica,         Paravespula germanica, Dolichovespula maculata, Vespa crabro,         Polistes rubiginosa, Camponotus floridanus, and Linepithema         humile;     -   crickets, grasshoppers, locusts (Orthoptera), e.g., Acheta         domestica, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Locusta migratoria,         Melanoplus bivittatus, Melanoplus femurrubrum, Melanoplus         mexicanus, Melanoplus sanguinipes, Melanoplus spretus,         Nomadacris septemfasciata, Schistocerca americana, Schistocerca         gregaria, Dociostaurus maroccanus, Tachycines asynamorus,         Oedaleus senegalensis, Zonozerus variegatus, Hieroglyphus         daganensis, Kraussaria angulifera, Calliptamus italicus,         Chortoicetes terminifera, and Locustana pardalina;     -   arachnoidea, such as arachnids (Acarina), e.g., of the families         Argasidae, Ixodidae and Sarcoptidae, such as Amblyomma         americanum, Amblyomma variegatum, Amblyomma maculatum, Argas         persicus, Boophilus annulatus, Boophilus decoloratus, Boophilus         microplus, Dermacentor silvarum, Dermacentor andersoni,         Dermacentor variabilis, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes ricinus,         Ixodes rubicundus, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes holocyclus, Ixodes         pacificus, Ornithodorus moubata, Ornithodorus hermsi,         Ornithodorus turicata, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Otobius megnini,         Dermanyssus gallinae, Psoroptes ovis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus,         Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Sarcoptes         scabiei, and Eriophyidae spp. such as Aculus schlechtendali,         Phyllocoptrata oleivora and Eriophyes sheldoni; Tarsonemidae         spp. such as Phytonemus pallidus and Polyphagotarsonemus latus;         Tenuipalpidae spp. such as Brevipalpus phoenicis; Tetranychidae         spp. such as Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychus kanzawai,         Tetranychus pacificus, Tetranychus telarius and Tetranychus         urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Panonychus citri, and Oligonychus         pratensis; Araneida, e.g., Latrodectus mactans, and Loxosceles         reclusa;     -   fleas (Siphonaptera), e.g., Ctenocephalides felis,         Ctenocephalides canis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Pulex irritans, Tunga         penetrans, and Nosopsyllus fasciatus,     -   silverfish, firebrat (Thysanura), e.g., Lepisma saccharina and         Thermobia domestica,     -   centipedes (Chilopoda), e.g., Scutigera coleoptrata,     -   millipedes (Diplopoda), e.g., Narceus spp.,     -   Earwigs (Dermaptera), e.g., forficula auricularia,     -   lice (Phthiraptera), e.g., Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus         humanus corporis, Pthirus pubis, Haematopinus eurysternus,         Haematopinus suis, Linognathus vituli, Bovicola bovis, Menopon         gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus and Solenopotes capillatus.     -   Collembola (springtails), e.g., Onychiurus ssp.

The compounds of the present disclosure, including their salts, stereoisomers and tautomers, are also suitable for controlling arachnids (Arachnoidea):

-   -   acarians (Acarina), e.g., of the families Argasidae, Ixodidae         and Sarcoptidae, such as Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma         variegatum, Argas persicus, Boophilus annulatus, Boophilus         decoloratus, Boophilus microplus, Dermacentor silvarum, Hyalomma         truncatum, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes rubicundus, Ornithodorus         moubata, Otobius megnini, Dermanyssus gallinae, Psoroptes ovis,         Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Sarcoptes         scabiei, and Eriophyidae spp. such as Aculus schlechtendali,         Phyllocoptrata oleivora and Eriophyes sheldoni; Tarsonemidae         spp. such as Phytonemus pallidus and Polyphagotarsonemus latus;         Tenuipalpidae spp. such as Brevipalpus phoenicis; Tetranychidae         spp. such as Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychus kanzawai,         Tetranychus pacificus, Tetranychus telarius and Tetranychus         urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Panonychus citri, and oligonychus         pratensis.

The compounds of the present disclosure, including their salts, stereoisomers and tautomers, are particularly useful for controlling insects, preferably sucking or piercing insects such as insects from the genera Thysanoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera, in particular the following species:

-   -   Thysanoptera: Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis,         Frankliniella tritici, Scirtothrips citri, Thrips oryzae, Thrips         palmi and Thrips tabaci,     -   Diptera, e.g., Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vexans,         Anastrepha ludens, Anopheles maculipennis, Anopheles crucians,         Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles freeborni,         Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles         quadrimaculatus, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capitata,         Chrysomya bezziana, Chrysomya hominivorax, Chrysomya macellaria,         Chrysops discalis, Chrysops silacea, Chrysops atlanticus,         Cochliomyia hominivorax, Contarinia sorghicola Cordylobia         anthropophaga, Culicoides furens, Culex pipiens, Culex         nigripalpus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex tarsalis, Culiseta         inornata, Culiseta melanura, Dacus cucurbitae, Dacus oleae,         Dasineura brassicae, Delia antique, Delia coarctata, Delia         platura, Delia radicum, Dermatobia hominis, Fannia canicularis,         Geomyza Tripunctata, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Glossina         morsitans, Glossina palpalis, Glossina fuscipes, Glossina         tachinoides, Haematobia irritans, Haplodiplosis equestris,         Hippelates spp., Hylemyia platura, Hypoderma lineata,         Leptoconops torrens, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza trifolii,         Lucilia caprina, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Lycoria         pectoralis, Mansonia titillanus, Mayetiola destructor, Musca         autumnalis, Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Oestrus ovis,         Opomyza florum, Oscinella frit, Pegomya hysocyami, Phorbia         antiqua, Phorbia brassicae, Phorbia coarctata, Phlebotomus         argentipes, Psorophora columbiae, Psila rosae, Psorophora         discolor, Prosimulium mixtum, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis         pomonella, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga spp., Simulium         vittatum, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus bovinus, Tabanus atratus,         Tabanus lineola, and Tabanus similis, Tipula oleracea, and         Tipula paludosa;     -   Hemiptera, in particular aphids: Acyrthosiphon onobrychis,         Adelges laricis, Aphidula nasturtii, Aphis fabae, Aphis forbesi,         Aphis pomi, Aphis gossypii, Aphis grossulariae, Aphis         schneideri, Aphis spiraecola, Aphis sambuci, Acyrthosiphon         pisum, Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus cardui, Brachycaudus         helichrysi, Brachycaudus persicae, Brachycaudus prunicola,         Brevicoryne brassicae, Capitophorus horni, Cerosipha gossypii,         Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Cryptomyzus ribis, Dreyfusia         nordmannianae, Dreyfusia piceae, Dysaphis radicola,         Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis         pyri, Empoasca fabae, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyperomyzus lactucae,         Macrosiphum avenae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphon rosae,         Megoura viciae, Melanaphis pyrarius, Metopolophium dirhodum,         Myzodes persicae, Myzus ascalonicus, Myzus cerasi, Myzus         varians, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Nilaparvata lugens, Pemphigus         bursarius, Perkinsiella saccharicida, Phorodon humuli, Psylla         mali, Psylla piri, Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus, Rhopalosiphum         maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Sappaphis         mala, Sappaphis mali, Schizaphis graminum, Schizoneura         lanuginosa, Sitobion avenae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum,         Toxoptera aurantiiand, and Viteus vitifolii.

The compounds of the present disclosure, including their salts, stereoisomers and tautomers, are particularly useful for controlling insects of the orders Hemiptera and Thysanoptera.

The compounds of formula (I) can be converted into customary types of compositions, e.g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary types of compositions include suspensions (e.g., SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g., EC), emulsions (e.g., EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g., CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g., WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g., BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g., WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e.g., LN), as well as gel formulations. These and further compositions types are defined in the “Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system”, Technical Monograph No. 2, 6^(th) Ed. May 2008, CropLife International, which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.

Examples for suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protective colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifiers and binders.

Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g., kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g., ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclohexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, e.g., cyclohexanone; esters, e.g., lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides, e.g., N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.

Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g., silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharide powders, e.g., cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g., ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g., cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emusifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol. 1: Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.), which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.

Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of sulfonates are alkylarylsulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates. Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters. Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.

Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-substituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents. Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide. Examples of N-substituted fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides. Examples of sugar-based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or alkylpolyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are home- or copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.

Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or polyethyleneamines.

Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the compound of formula I on the target. Examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils, and other auxiliaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5, which is incorporated hererein by reference for all relevant and consistent purpose.

Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g., xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.

Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones.

Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.

Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.

Suitable colorants (e.g., in red, blue, or green) are pigments of low water solubility and water-soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic colorants (e.g., iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) and organic colorants (e.g., alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).

Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidons, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.

Examples for composition types and their preparation are:

-   -   i) Water-soluble concentrates (SL, LS): 10-60 wt % of a compound         of formula I according to the disclosure and 5-15 wt % wetting         agent (e.g., alcohol alkoxylates) are dissolved in water and/or         in a water-soluble solvent (e.g., alcohols) up to 100 wt %. The         active substance dissolves upon dilution with water.     -   ii) Dispersible concentrates (DC): 5-25 wt % of a compound of         formula I according to the disclosure and 1-10 wt % dispersant         (e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone) are dissolved in up to 100 wt %         organic solvent (e.g., cyclohexanone). Dilution with water gives         a dispersion.     -   iii) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC): 15-70 wt % of a compound of         formula I according to the disclosure and 5-10 wt % emulsifiers         (e.g., calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil         ethoxylate) are dissolved in up to 100 wt % water-insoluble         organic solvent (e.g., aromatic hydrocarbon). Dilution with         water gives an emulsion.     -   iv) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES): 5-40 wt % of a compound of formula I         according to the disclosure and 1-10 wt % emulsifiers (e.g.,         calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are         dissolved in 20-40 wt % water-insoluble organic solvent (e.g.,         aromatic hydrocarbon). This mixture is introduced into up to 100         wt % water by means of an emulsifying machine and made into a         homogeneous emulsion. Dilution with water gives an emulsion.     -   v) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS): In an agitated ball mill, 20-60 wt         % of a compound of formula I according to the disclosure are         comminuted with addition of 2-10 wt % dispersants and wetting         agents (e.g., sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate), 0,         1-2 wt % thickener (e.g., xanthan gum) and up to 100 wt % water         to give a fine active substance suspension. Dilution with water         gives a stable suspension of the active substance. For FS type         composition up to 40 wt % binder (e.g., polyvinylalcohol) is         added.     -   vi) Water-dispersible granules and water-soluble granules (WG,         SG): 50-80 wt % of a compound of formula I according to the         disclosure are ground finely with addition of up to 100 wt %         dispersants and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lignosulfonate and         alcohol ethoxylate) and prepared as water-dispersible or         water-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (e.g.         extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water         gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.     -   vii) Water-dispersible powders and water-soluble powders (WP,         SP, WS): 50-80 wt % of a compound of formula I according to the         disclosure are ground in a rotor-stator mill with addition of         1-5 wt % dispersants (e.g., sodium lignosulfonate), 1-3 wt %         wetting agents (e.g., alcohol ethoxylate) and up to 100 wt %         solid carrier, e.g., silica gel. Dilution with water gives a         stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.     -   viii) Gel (GW, GF): In an agitated ball mill, 5-25 wt % of a         compound of formula I according to the disclosure are comminuted         with addition of 3-10 wt % dispersants (e.g., sodium         lignosulfonate), 1-5 wt % thickener (e.g.,         carboxymethylcellulose) and up to 100 wt % water to give a fine         suspension of the active substance. Dilution with water gives a         stable suspension of the active substance.     -   iv) Microemulsion (ME): 5-20 wt % of a compound of formula I         according to the disclosure are added to 5-30 wt % organic         solvent blend (e.g., fatty acid dimethylamide and         cyclohexanone), 10-25 wt % surfactant blend (e.g., alkohol         ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate), and water up to 100%.         This mixture is stirred for 1 h to produce spontaneously a         thermodynamically stable microemulsion.     -   iv) Microcapsules (CS): An oil phase comprising 5-50 wt % of a         compound of formula I according to the disclosure, 0-40 wt %         water insoluble organic solvent (e.g., aromatic hydrocarbon),         2-15 wt % acrylic monomers (e.g., methylmethacrylate,         methacrylic acid and a di- or triacrylate) are dispersed into an         aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g., polyvinyl         alcohol). Radical polymerization initiated by a radical         initiator results in the formation of poly(meth)acrylate         microcapsules. Alternatively, an oil phase comprising 5-50 wt %         of a compound I according to the disclosure, 0-40 wt % water         insoluble organic solvent (e.g., aromatic hydrocarbon), and an         isocyanate monomer (e.g., diphenylmethene-4,4′-diisocyanatae)         are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid         (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol). The addition of a polyamine (e.g.,         hexamethylenediamine) results in the formation of a polyurea         microcapsules. The monomers amount to 1-10 wt %. The wt % relate         to the total CS composition.     -   ix) Dustable powders (DP, DS): 1-10 wt % of a compound of         formula I according to the disclosure are ground finely and         mixed intimately with up to 100 wt % solid carrier, e.g., finely         divided kaolin.     -   x) Granules (GR, FG): 0.5-30 wt % of a compound of formula I         according to the disclosure is ground finely and associated with         up to 100 wt % solid carrier (e.g., silicate). Granulation is         achieved by extrusion, spray-drying or the fluidized bed.     -   xi) Ultra-low volume liquids (UL): 1-50 wt % of a compound of         formula I according to the disclosure are dissolved in up to 100         wt % organic solvent, e.g., aromatic hydrocarbon. The         compositions types i) to xi) may optionally comprise further         auxiliaries, such as 0, 1-1 wt % bactericides, 5-15 wt %         anti-freezing agents, 0, 1-1 wt % anti-foaming agents, and 0,         1-1 wt % colorants.

The compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%, preferably between 0.1 and 90%, and most preferably between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of active substance. The active substances are employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).

According to one embodiment, individual components of the composition according to the disclosure such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture may be mixed by the user in a spray tank and further auxiliaries may be added, if appropriate.

In a further embodiment, either individual components of the composition according to the disclosure or partially premixed components, e.g. components comprising compounds of formula (I) and/or active substances from the groups A) to O), may be mixed by the user in a spray tank and further auxiliaries and additives may be added, if appropriate.

In a further embodiment, either individual components of the composition according to the disclosure or partially premixed components, e.g. components comprising compounds I and/or active substances from the groups A) to O), can be applied jointly (e.g., after tank mix) or consecutively.

In the methods and uses of this disclosure, the compounds according to the disclosure may be applied with other active ingredients, for example with other pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and nematicides. These additional ingredients may be used sequentially or in combination with the above-described compositions and, if appropriate, added only immediately prior to use. For example, a composition of the present disclosure may be administered or applied before or after being treated with other active ingredients.

The following list M of pesticides together with which the compounds according to the disclosure can be used and with which potential synergistic effects might be produced, is intended to illustrate the possible combinations, but not to impose any limitation:

-   -   M.1. Organo(thio)phosphate compounds: acephate, azamethiphos,         azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, chlorethoxyfos,         chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl,         coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon,         dichlorvos/DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos,         disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos,         fenitrothion, fenthion, flupyrazophos, fosthiazate, heptenophos,         isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion,         mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl,         parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone,         phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos,         propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion,         quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos,         tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon,         vamidothion;     -   M.2. Carbamate compounds: aldicarb, alanycarb, bendiocarb,         benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran,         carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate,         furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb,         oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox,         trimethacarb, XMC, xylylcarb, triazamate;     -   M.3. Pyrethroid compounds: acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans         allethrin, d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin,         bioallethrin S-cylclopentenyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin,         cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin,         gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin,         beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin,         cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate,         etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate,         flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, halfenprox, imiprothrin,         metofluthrin, permethrin, phenothrin, prallethrin, profluthrin,         pyrethrin (pyrethrum), resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin,         tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin;     -   M.4. Juvenile hormone mimics: hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene,         fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen;     -   M.5. Nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists compounds:         acetamiprid, bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, clothianidin,         dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, nicotine,         spinosad (allosteric agonist), spinetoram (allosteric agonist),         thiacloprid, thiocyclam, thiosultap-sodium and AKD1022.     -   M.6. GABA gated chloride channel antagonist compounds:         chlordane, endosulfan, gamma-HCH (lindane); ethiprole, fipronil,         pyrafluprole, pyriprole     -   M.7. Chloride channel activators: abamectin, emamectin benzoate,         milbemectin, lepimectin;     -   M.8. METI I compounds: fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen,         pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, flufenerim, rotenone;     -   M.9. METI II and III compounds: acequinocyl, fluacyprim,         hydramethylnon;     -   M.10. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation: chlorfenapyr,         DNOC;     -   M.11. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation: azocyclotin,         cyhexatin, diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite,         tetradifon;     -   M.12. Moulting disruptors: cyromazine, chromafenozide,         halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide;     -   M.13. Synergists: piperonyl butoxide, tribufos;     -   M.14. Sodium channel blocker compounds: indoxacarb,         metaflumizone;     -   M.15. Fumigants: methyl bromide, chloropicrin sulfuryl fluoride;     -   M.16. Selective feeding blockers: crylotie, pymetrozine,         flonicamid;     -   M.17. Mite growth inhibitors: clofentezine, hexythiazox,         etoxazole;     -   M.18. Chitin synthesis inhibitors: buprofezin, bistrifluoron,         chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron,         hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron,         triflumuron;     -   M.19. Lipid biosynthesis inhibitors: spirodiclofen,         spiromesifen, spirotetramat;     -   M.20. Octapaminergic agonsits: amitraz;     -   M.21. Ryanodine receptor modulators: flubendiamide and the         phtalamid compound (R)—,         (S)-3-Chlor-N1-{2-methyl-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluor-1-(trifluormethyl)ethyl]phenyl}-N2-(1-methyl-2-methylsulfonylethyl)phthalamid         (M21.1)     -   M.22. Isoxazoline compounds:         4-[5-(3,5-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-N-pyridin-2-ylmethyl-benzamide         (M22.1),         4-[5-(3,5-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl)-benzamide         (M22.2),         4-[5-(3,5-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-N-[(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-benzamide         (M22.3),         4-[5-(3,5-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-naphthalene-1-carboxylic         acid [(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-amide (M22.4),         4-[5-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-N-[(methoxyimino)methyl]-2-methyl-benzamide         (M22.5)         4-[5-(3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-N-[(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-benzamide         (M22.6),         4-[5-(3-Chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-naphthalene-1-carboxylic         acid [(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl-carbamoyl)-methyl]-amide (M22.7)         and         5-[5-(3,5-Dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-tri-fluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-3-yl]-2-[1,2,4]triazol-1-yl-benzonitrile         (M22.8);     -   M.23. Anthranilamide compounds: chloranthraniliprole,         cyantraniliprole,         5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid         [4-cyano-2-(1-cyclopropyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-6-methyl-phenyl]-amide         (M23.1),         5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid         [2-chloro-4-cyano-6-(1-cyclo-propyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-amide         (M23.2),         5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid         [2-bromo-4-cyano-6-(1-cyclopropyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-amide(M23.3),         5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid         [2-bromo-4-chloro-6-(1-cyclopropyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-amide(M23.4),         5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid         [2,4-dichloro-6-(1-cyclopropyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-phenyl]-amide     -   (M23.5),         5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid         [4-chloro-2-(1-cyclopropyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-6-methyl-phenyl]-amide         (M23.6),         N′-(2-{[5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-5-chloro-3-methyl-benzoyl)-hydrazinecarboxylic         acid methyl ester (M23.7),         N′-(2-{[5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-5-chloro-3-methyl-benzoyl)-N′-methyl-hydrazinecarboxylic         acid methyl ester (M23.8),         N′-(2-{[5-Bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-5-chloro-3-methyl-benzoyl)-N,N′-dimethyl-hydrazinecarboxylic         acid methyl ester (M23.9),         N′-(3,5-Dibromo-2-{[5-bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-benzoyl)-hydrazinecarboxylic         acid methyl ester (M23.10),         N′-(3,5-Dibromo-2-{[5-bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-benzoyl)-N′-methyl-hydrazinecarboxylic         acid methyl ester (M23.11) and         N′-(3,5-Dibromo-2-{[5-bromo-2-(3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-benzoyl)-N,N′-dimethyl-hydrazinecarboxylic         acid methyl ester (M23.12);     -   M.24. Malononitrile compounds:         2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)-2-(3,3,3-trifluoro-propyl)malononitrile         (CF₂HCF₂CF₂CF₂CH₂C(CN)₂CH₂CH₂CF₃) (M24.1) and         2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)-2-(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)-malonodinitrile         (CF₂HCF₂CF₂—CF₂CH₂C(CN)₂CH₂CH₂CF₂CF₃) (M24.2);     -   M.25. Microbial disruptors: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.         Israelensi, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.         Aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki, Bacillus         thuringiensis subsp. Tenebrionis;     -   M.26. Aminofuranone compounds:         4-{[(6-Bromopyrid-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.1),         4-{[(6-Fluoropyrid-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.2), 4-{[(2-Chloro         1,3-thiazolo-5-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.3),         4-{[(6-Chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.4),         4-{[(6-Chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.5),         4-{[(6-Chloro-5-fluoropyrid-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.6),         4-{[(5,6-Dichloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.7),         4-{[(6-Chloro-5-fluoropyrid-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.8), 4         {[(6-Chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.9) and         4-{[(6-Chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on         (M26.10);     -   M.27. Various compounds: aluminium phosphide, amidoflumet,         benclothiaz, benzoximate, bifenazate, borax, bromopropylate,         cyanide, cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, chinomethionate, dicofol,         fluoroacetate, phosphine, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, sulfur,         organic sulfur compounds, tartar emetic, sulfoxaflor,         N—R′-2,2-dihalo-1-R″cyclo-propanecarboxamide-2-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)hydrazone         or         N—R′-2,2-di(R′″)propionamide-2-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-hydrazone,         wherein R′ is methyl or ethyl, halo is chloro or bromo, R″ is         hydrogen or methyl and R′″ is methyl or ethyl,         4-But-2-ynyloxy-6-(3,5-dimethyl-piperidin-1-yl)-2-fluoro-pyrimidine         (M27.1), Cyclopropaneacetic acid,         1,1′-[(3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-4-[[(2-cyclopropylacetyl)oxy]methyl]-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-[2-hydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-11-oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl)-2H,11H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrano[3,4-e]pyran-3,6-diyl]ester(M27.2)         and         8-(2-Cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane(M27.3).

The commercially available compounds of the group M may be found in The Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition, British Crop Protection Council (2003) among other publications. Paraoxon and their preparation have been described in Farm Chemicals Handbook, Volume 88, Meister Publishing Company, 2001. Flupyrazofos has been described in Pesticide Science 54, 1988, p. 237-243 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,779.-AKD 1022 and its preparation have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,348.-M21.1 is known from WO 2007/101540.-Isoxazolines M22.1 to M22.8 have been described in e.g., WO2005/085216, WO 2007/079162, WO 2007/026965, WO 2009/126668 and WO2009/051956. Anthranilamides M23.1 to M23.6 have been described in WO 2008/72743 and WO 200872783, those M23.7 to M23.12 in WO 2007/043677. Malononitriles M24.1 and M24.2 have been described in WO 02/089579, WO 02/090320, WO 02/090321, WO 04/006677, WO 05/068423, WO 05/068432 and WO 05/063694. Aminofuranones M26.1 to M6.10 have been described eg. in WO 2007/115644. Alkynylether M27.1 is described e.g., in JP 2006131529. Organic sulfur compounds have been described in WO 2007060839. Pyripyropene derivative M27.2 has been described in WO 2008/66153 and WO 2008/108491. Pyridazin M27.3 has been described in JP 2008/115155. Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.

The compound of formula I may be applied or administered to the invertebrate pest (also referred to as “animal pest” or simply “pest”), i.e. the insects and arachnids, by any application method known in the art.

The compounds of the present disclosure can also be applied preventively to places at which occurrence of the pests is expected.

The amount of pesticide utilized in the pesticide composition may vary depending on the intended use of the composition including, for example, the pests intended for control. In some embodiments, a pest is contacted with the pesticide composition in a pesticidally effective amount. For purposes of the present disclosure, a “pesticidally effective amount” of the composition means the amount of a compound of formula (I) needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target pest. The pesticidally effective amount can vary for the various compounds/compositions used in the disclosure. A pesticidally effective amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like. In various embodiments, a “pesticidally effective amount” may include amounts that repel the pest and may include, in another embodiment, amounts of the composition that kill the pest.

In the case of soil treatment or of application to the pests dwelling place or nest, the quantity of active ingredient ranges from 0.0001 to 500 g per 100 m², preferably from 0.001 to 20 g per 100 m².

Customary application rates in the protection of materials are, for example, from 0.01 g to 1000 g of active compound per m² treated material, desirably from 0.1 g to 50 g per m².

Insecticidal compositions for use in the impregnation of materials typically contain from 0.001 to 95 weight %, preferably from 0.1 to 45 weight %, and more preferably from 1 to 25 weight % of at least one repellent and/or insecticide.

The compounds of the present disclosure are effective through both contact (via soil, glass, wall, bed net, carpet, plant parts or animal parts), and ingestion (bait).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure may be applied against pests by use of a bait composition. The bait can be a liquid, a solid or a semisolid preparation (e.g., a gel). Solid baits can be formed into various shapes and forms suitable to the respective application e.g., granules, blocks, sticks, disks. Liquid baits can be filled into various devices to ensure proper application, e.g., open containers, spray devices, droplet sources, or evaporation sources. Gels can be based on aqueous or oily matrices and can be formulated to particular necessities in terms of stickiness, moisture retention or aging characteristics.

The bait employed in the composition is a product, which is sufficiently attractive to incite insects such as ants, termites, wasps, flies, mosquitoes, crickets etc. or cockroaches to eat it. The attractiveness can be manipulated by using feeding stimulants or sex pheromones. Food stimulants are chosen, for example, but not exclusively, from animal and/or plant proteins (meat-, fish- or blood meal, insect parts, egg yolk), from fats and oils of animal and/or plant origin, or mono-, oligo- or polyorganosaccharides, especially from sucrose, lactose, fructose, dextrose, glucose, starch, pectin or even molasses or honey. Fresh or decaying parts of fruits, crops, plants, animals, insects or specific parts thereof can also serve as a feeding stimulant. Sex pheromones are known to be more insect specific. Specific pheromones are described in the literature and are known to those skilled in the art.

For use in bait compositions, the typical content of active ingredient is from 0.001 weight % to 15 weight %, desirably from 0.001 weight % to 5% weight % of active ingredient.

Formulations of compounds of the present disclosure such as aerosols (e.g., in spray cans), oil sprays or pump sprays are highly suitable for the non-professional user for controlling pests such as flies, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes or cockroaches. Aerosol recipes are preferably composed of the active compound, solvents such as lower alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone), paraffin hydrocarbons (e.g., kerosenes) having boiling ranges of approximately 50 to 250° C., dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, water, furthermore auxiliaries such as emulsifiers such as sorbitol monooleate, oleyl ethoxylate having 3-7 mol of ethylene oxide, fatty alcohol ethoxylate, perfume oils such as ethereal oils, esters of medium fatty acids with lower alcohols, aromatic carbonyl compounds, if appropriate stabilizers such as sodium benzoate, amphoteric surfactants, lower epoxides, triethyl orthoformate and, if required, propellants such as propane, butane, nitrogen, compressed air, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, or mixtures of these gases.

The oil spray formulations differ from the aerosol recipes in that no propellants are used.

For use in spray compositions, the content of active ingredient is from 0.001 to 80 weights %, preferably from 0.01 to 50 weight % and most preferably from 0.01 to 15 weight %.

The compounds of the present disclosure and its respective compositions can also be used in mosquito and fumigating coils, smoke cartridges, vaporizer plates or long-term vaporizers and also in moth papers, moth pads or other heat-independent vaporizer systems.

Methods to control infectious diseases transmitted by insects (e.g., malaria, dengue and yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, and leishmaniasis) with compounds of the present disclosure and its respective compositions also comprise treating surfaces of huts and houses, air spraying and impregnation of curtains, tents, clothing items, bed nets, tsetse-fly trap or the like. Insecticidal compositions for application to fibers, fabric, knitgoods, nonwovens, netting material or foils and tarpaulins preferably comprise a mixture including the insecticide, optionally a repellent and at least one binder. Suitable repellents for example are N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), N,N-diethylphenylacetamide (DEPA), 1-(3-cyclohexan-1-yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperine, (2-hydroxymethylcyclohexyl)acetic acid lactone, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexandiol, indalone, Methylneodecanamide (MNDA), a pyrethroid not used for insect control such as {(+/−)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-(+)-enyl-(+)-trans-chrysantemate (Esbiothrin), a repellent derived from or identical with plant extracts like limonene, eugenol, (+)-Eucamalol (1), (−)-1-epi-eucamalol or crude plant extracts from plants like Eucalyptus maculata, Vitex rotundifolia, Cymbopogan martinii, Cymbopogan citratus (lemon grass), Cymopogan nartdus (citronella). Suitable binders are selected for example from polymers and copolymers of vinyl esters of aliphatic acids (such as such as vinyl acetate and vinyl versatate), acrylic and methacrylic esters of alcohols, such as butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, and methyl acrylate, mono- and di-ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as styrene, and aliphatic diens, such as butadiene.

Animals may be protected from pests by use of a partial barrier (e.g., bednet or curtain) that is placed between the animal and a source of pests. The barrier has a compound of formula (I) at its surface or impregnated within the barrier. The impregnation of curtains and bednets is done in general by dipping the textile material into emulsions or dispersions of the insecticide or spraying them onto the nets.

The compounds of the present disclosure and their compositions can be used for protecting wooden materials such as trees, board fences, sleepers, etc. and buildings such as houses, outhouses, factories, but also construction materials, furniture, leathers, fibers, vinyl articles, electric wires and cables etc. from ants and/or termites, and for controlling ants and termites from doing harm to human being (e.g., when the pests invade into houses and public facilities). The compounds of the present disclosure are applied not only to the surrounding soil surface or into the under-floor soil in order to protect wooden materials but it can also be applied to lumbered articles such as surfaces of the under-floor concrete, alcove posts, beams, plywoods, furniture, etc., wooden articles such as particle boards, half boards, etc. and vinyl articles such as coated electric wires, vinyl sheets, heat insulating material such as styrene foams, etc. In case of application against ants, the ant controller of the present disclosure may be applied to the surrounding soil, may be directly applied to the nest of ants or the like.

The compounds of the present disclosure, especially compounds of formula (I) and compositions comprising them are preferably used for controlling and preventing infestations and infections animals including warm-blooded animals and fish. They are for example suitable for controlling and preventing infestations and infections in animals such as cattle, sheep, swine, camels, deer, horses, pigs, poultry, rabbits, goats, dogs and cats, water buffalo, donkeys, fallow deer and reindeer, and also in fur-bearing animals such as mink, chinchilla and raccoon, birds such as hens, geese, turkeys and ducks and fish such as fresh- and salt-water fish such as trout, carp and eels. The compounds of the present disclosure are also suitable for preventing and controlling pest infestations of human beings.

Compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them are preferably used for controlling and preventing infestations and infections in domestic animals, such as dogs or cats.

Infestations in warm-blooded animals and fish include, but are not limited to, lice, biting lice, ticks, nasal bots, keds, biting flies, muscoid flies, flies, myiasitic fly larvae, chiggers, gnats, mosquitoes and fleas.

The compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them are suitable for systemic and/or non-systemic control of ecto- and/or endoparasites in and on animals. They are active against all or some stages of development.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the present disclosure are especially useful for combating endoparasites in and on animals.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present disclosure are especially useful for combating ectoparasites in and on animals.

The compounds of the present disclosure are especially useful for combating parasites in and on animals of the following orders and species, respectively:

-   -   fleas (Siphonaptera), e.g., Ctenocephalides felis,         Ctenocephalides canis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Pulex irritans, Tunga         penetrans, and Nosopsyllus fasciatus,     -   cockroaches (Blattaria—Blattodea), e.g., Blattella germanica,         Blattella asahinae, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta japonica,         Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuligginosa, Periplaneta         australasiae, and Blatta orientalis,     -   flies, mosquitoes (Diptera), e.g., Aedes aegypti, Aedes         albopictus, Aedes vexans, Anastrepha ludens, Anopheles         maculipennis, Anopheles crucians, Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles         gambiae, Anopheles freebomi, Anopheles leucosphyrus, Anopheles         minimus, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Calliphora vicina, Chrysomya         bezziana, Chrysomya hominivorax, Chrysomya macellaria, Chrysops         discalis, Chrysops silacea, Chrysops atlanticus, Cochliomyia         hominivorax, Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culicoides furens, Culex         pipiens, Culex nigripalpus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex         tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, Culiseta melanura, Dermatobia         hominis, Fannia canicularis, Gasterophilus intestinalis,         Glossina morsitans, Glossina palpalis, Glossina fuscipes,         Glossina tachinoides, Haematobia irritans, Haplodiplosis         equestris, Hippelates spp., Hypoderma lineata, Leptoconops         torrens, Lucilia caprina, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata,         Lycoria pectoralis, Mansonia spp., Musca domestica, Muscina         stabulans, Oestrus ovis, Phlebotomus argentipes, Psorophora         columbiae, Psorophora discolor, Prosimulium mixtum, Sarcophaga         haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga sp., Simulium vittatum, Stomoxys         calcitrans, Tabanus bovinus, Tabanus atratus, Tabanus lineola,         and Tabanus similis,     -   lice (Phthiraptera), e.g., Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus         humanus corporis, Pthirus pubis, Haematopinus eurystemus,         Haematopinus suis, Linognathus vituli, Bovicola bovis, Menopon         gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus and Solenopotes capillatus.     -   ticks and parasitic mites (Parasitiformes): ticks (Ixodida),         e.g., Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes holocyclus, Ixodes pacificus,         Rhiphicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor         variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum,         Ornithodorus hermsi, Ornithodorus turicata and parasitic mites         (Mesostigmata), e.g., Ornithonyssus bacoti and Dermanyssus         gallinae, Actinedida (Prostigmata) und Acaridida (Astigmata)         e.g., Acarapis spp., Cheyletiella spp., Ornithocheyletia spp.,         Myobia spp., Psorergates spp., Demodex spp., Trombicula spp.,         Listrophorus spp., Acarus spp., Tyrophagus spp., Caloglyphus         spp., Hypodectes spp., Pterolichus spp., Psoroptes spp.,         Chorioptes spp., Otodectes spp., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres         spp.,Knemidocoptes spp., Cytodites spp., and Laminosioptes spp,     -   Bugs (Heteropterida): Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus,         Reduvius senilis, Triatoma spp., Rhodnius ssp., Panstrongylus         ssp. and Arilus critatus,     -   Anoplurida, e.g., Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus         spp., Phtirus spp., and Solenopotes spp, Mallophagida (suborders         Arnblycerina and Ischnocerina), e.g., Trimenopon spp., Menopon         spp., Trinoton spp., Bovicola spp., Werneckiella spp.,         Lepikentron spp., Trichodectes spp., and Felicola spp,     -   Roundworms Nematoda: Wipeworms and Trichinosis         (Trichosyringida), e.g., Trichinellidae (Trichinella spp.),         (Trichuridae) Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp, Rhabditida, e.g.,         Rhabditis spp, Strongyloides spp., Helicephalobus spp,         Strongylida, e.g., Strongylus spp., Ancylostoma spp., Necator         americanus, Bunostomum spp. (Hookworm), Trichostrongylus spp.,         Haemonchus contortus., Ostertagia spp., Cooperia spp.,         Nematodirus spp., Dictyocaulus spp., Cyathostoma spp.,         Oesophagostomum spp., Stephanurus dentatus, Ollulanus spp.,         Chabertia spp., Stephanurus dentatus, Syngamus trachea,         Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria spp., Globocephalus spp., Necator         spp., Metastrongylus spp., Muellerius capillaris,         Protostrongylus spp., Angiostrongylus spp., Parelaphostrongylus         spp. Aleurostrongylus abstrusus, and Dioctophyma renale,         Intestinal roundworms (Ascaridida), e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides,         Ascaris suum, Ascaridia galli, Parascaris equorum, Enterobius         vermicularis (Threadworm), Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonine,         Skrjabinema spp., and Oxyuris equi, Camallanida, e.g.,         Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm) Spirurida, e.g., Thelazia         spp. Wuchereria spp., Brugia spp., Onchocerca spp., Dirofilari         spp.a, Dipetalonema spp., Setaria spp., Elaeophora spp.,         Spirocerca lupi, and Habronema spp.,     -   Thorny headed worms (Acanthocephala), e.g., Acanthocephalus         spp., Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus and Oncicola spp,     -   Planarians (Plathelminthes): Flukes (Trematoda), e.g., Faciola         spp., Fascioloides magna, Paragonimus spp., Dicrocoelium spp.,         Fasciolopsis buski, Clonorchis sinensis, Schistosoma spp.,         Trichobilharzia spp., Alaria alata, Paragonimus spp., and         Nanocyetes spp, Cercomeromorpha, in particular Cestoda         (Tapeworms), e.g., Diphyllobothrium spp., Tenia spp.,         Echinococcus spp., Dipylidium caninum, Multiceps spp.,         Hymenolepis spp., Mesocestoides spp., Vampirolepis spp.,         Moniezia spp., Anoplocephala spp., Sirometra spp., Anoplocephala         spp., and Hymenolepis spp.

The compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them are particularly useful for the control of pests from the orders Diptera, Siphonaptera and Ixodida.

Moreover, the use of the compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for combating mosquitoes is especially preferred.

The use of the compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for combating flies is a further preferred embodiment of the present disclosure.

Furthermore, the use of the compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for combating fleas is especially preferred.

The use of the compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for combating ticks is a further preferred embodiment of the present disclosure.

The compounds of the present disclosure also are especially useful for combating endoparasites (roundworms nematoda, thorny headed worms and planarians).

The present disclosure relates to the therapeutic and the non-therapeutic use of compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them for controlling and/or combating pests in and/or on animals. The compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them may be used to protect the animals from attack or infestation by pests by contacting them with a pesticidally effective amount of compounds of the present disclosure and compositions containing them.

The compounds of the present disclosure and compositions comprising them can be effective through both contact (via soil, glass, wall, bed net, carpet, blankets or animal parts) and ingestion (e.g., baits). As such, “contacting” includes both direct contact (applying the pesticidal mixtures/compositions containing the compounds of the present disclosure directly on the pest, which may include an indirect contact at its locus, and optionally also administrating the pesticidal mixtures/composition directly on the animal to be protected) and indirect contact (applying the compounds/compositions to the locus of the pest). Contact of the pest through application to its locus is an example of a non-therapeutic use of compounds of the present disclosure. “Locus” as used herein means the habitat, food supply, breeding ground, area, material or environment in which a pest is growing or may grow outside of the animal.

The compounds of the present disclosure can also be applied preventively to places at which occurrence of the pests or parasites are expected.

Administration can be carried out both prophylactically and therapeutically. Administration of the active compounds is carried out directly or in the form of suitable preparations, orally, topically/dermally or parenterally.

For oral administration to warm-blooded animals, the compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated as animal feeds, animal feed premixes, animal feed concentrates, pills, solutions, pastes, suspensions, drenches, gels, tablets, boluses and capsules. In addition, the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered to the animals in their drinking water. For oral administration, the dosage form chosen should provide the animal with 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day of the active compound, preferably with 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day.

Alternatively, the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered to animals parenterally, for example, by intraruminal, intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection. The compounds of the present disclosure may be dispersed or dissolved in a physiologically acceptable carrier for subcutaneous injection. Alternatively, the compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated into an implant for subcutaneous administration. In addition the compounds of the present disclosure may be transdermally administered to animals. For parenteral administration, the dosage form chosen should provide the animal with 0.01 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of animal body weight per day of the compound of the present disclosure.

The compounds of the present disclosure may also be applied topically to the animals in the form of dips, dusts, powders, collars, medallions, sprays, shampoos, spot-on and pour-on formulations and in ointments or oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. For topical application, dips and sprays usually contain 0.5 ppm to 5,000 ppm and preferably 1 ppm to 3,000 ppm of the compound of the present disclosure. In addition, the compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated as ear tags for animals, particularly quadrupeds such as cattle and sheep.

Suitable preparations include, for example:

-   -   Solutions such as oral solutions, concentrates for oral         administration after dilution, solutions for use on the skin or         in body cavities, pouring-on formulations, gels;     -   Emulsions and suspensions for oral or dermal administration;         semi-solid preparations;     -   Formulations in which the active compound is processed in an         ointment base or in an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion         base;     -   Solid preparations such as powders, premixes or concentrates,         granules, pellets, tablets, boluses, capsules; aerosols and         inhalants, and active compound-containing shaped articles.

Compositions suitable for injection are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable solvent and optionally adding further ingredients such as acids, bases, buffer salts, preservatives, and solubilizers. The solutions are filtered and filled sterile.

Suitable solvents for injection are physiologically tolerable solvents such as water, alkanols such as ethanol, butanol, benzyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, N-methyl-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, and mixtures thereof.

The active compounds can optionally be dissolved in physiologically tolerable vegetable or synthetic oils which are suitable for injection.

Suitable solubilizers are solvents which promote the dissolution of the active compound in the main solvent or prevent its precipitation. Examples are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyoxyethylated castor oil, and polyoxyethylated sorbitan ester.

Suitable preservatives are benzyl alcohol, trichlorobutanol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, and n-butanol.

Oral solutions are administered directly. Concentrates are administered orally after prior dilution to the use concentration. Oral solutions and concentrates are prepared according to the state of the art and as described above for injection solutions, sterile procedures not being necessary.

Solutions for use on the skin are trickled on, spread on, rubbed in, sprinkled on or sprayed on.

Solutions for use on the skin are prepared according to the state of the art and according to what is described above for injection solutions, sterile procedures not being necessary.

Further suitable solvents are polypropylene glycol, phenyl ethanol, phenoxy ethanol, ester such as ethyl or butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, ethers such as alkyleneglycol alkylether, e.g., dipropylenglycol monomethylether, ketones such as acetone, methylethylketone, aromatic hydrocarbons, vegetable and synthetic oils, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, transcutol, solketal, propylencarbonate, and mixtures thereof.

It may be advantageous to add thickeners during preparation. Suitable thickeners are inorganic thickeners such as bentonites, colloidal silicic acid, aluminium monostearate, organic thickeners such as cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohols and their copolymers, acrylates and methacrylates.

Gels are applied to or spread on the skin or introduced into body cavities. Gels are prepared by treating solutions which have been prepared as described in the case of the injection solutions with sufficient thickener that a clear material having an ointment-like consistency results. The thickeners employed are the thickeners given above.

Pour-on formulations are poured or sprayed onto limited areas of the skin, the active compound penetrating the skin and acting systemically.

Pour-on formulations are prepared by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the active compound in suitable skin-compatible solvents or solvent mixtures. If appropriate, other auxiliaries such as colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, antioxidants, light stabilizers, adhesives are added.

Suitable solvents are: water, alkanols, glycols, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, glycerol, aromatic alcohols such as benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, phenoxyethanol, esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, ethers such as alkylene glycol alkyl ethers such as dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-butyl ether, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, aromatic and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons, vegetable or synthetic oils, DMF, dimethylacetamide, n-alkylpyrrolidones such as methylpyrrolidone, n-butylpyrrolidone or n-octylpyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, 2,2-dimethyl-4-oxy-methylene-1,3-diox-olane and glycerol formal.

Suitable colorants are all colorants permitted for use on animals and which can be dissolved or suspended.

Suitable absorption-promoting substances are, for example, DMSO, spreading oils such as isopropyl myristate, dipropylene glycol pelargonate, silicone oils and copolymers thereof with polyethers, fatty acid esters, triglycerides, fatty alcohols.

Suitable antioxidants are sulfites or metabisulfites such as potassium metabisulfite, ascorbic acid, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, tocopherol.

Suitable light stabilizers are, for example, novantisolic acid.

Suitable adhesives are, for example, cellulose derivatives, starch derivatives, polyacrylates, natural polymers such as alginates, gelatin.

Emulsions can be administered orally, dermally or as injections. Emulsions are either of the water-in-oil type or of the oil-in-water type. They are prepared by dissolving the active compound either in the hydrophobic or in the hydrophilic phase and homogenizing this with the solvent of the other phase with the aid of suitable emulsifiers and, if appropriate, other auxiliaries such as colorants, absorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers, viscosity-enhancing substances.

Suitable hydrophobic phases (oils) are: liquid paraffinins, silicone oils, natural vegetable oils such as sesame oil, almond oil, castor oil, synthetic triglycerides such as caprylic/capric biglyceride, triglyceride mixture with vegetable fatty acids of the chain length C₈-C₁₂ or other specially selected natural fatty acids, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids possibly also containing hydroxyl groups, mono- and diglycerides of the C₈-C₁₀ fatty acids, fatty acid esters such as ethyl stearate, di-n-butyryl adipate, hexyl laurate, dipropylene glycol perlargonate, esters of a branched fatty acid of medium chain length with saturated fatty alcohols of chain length C₁₆-C₁₈, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, caprylic/capric acid esters of saturated fatty alcohols of chain length C₁₂-C₁₈, isopropyl stearate, oleyl oleate, decyl oleate, ethyl oleate, ethyl lactate, waxy fatty acid esters such as synthetic duck coccygeal gland fat, dibutyl phthalate, diisopropyl adipate, and ester mixtures related to the latter, fatty alcohols such as isotridecyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, cetylstearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, and fatty acids such as oleic acid and mixtures thereof.

Suitable hydrophilic phases are: water, alcohols such as propylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol and mixtures thereof.

Suitable emulsifiers are: non-ionic surfactants, e.g., polyethoxylated castor oil, polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, glycerol monostearate, polyoxyethyl stearate, alkylphenol polyglycol ether; ampholytic surfactants such as di-sodium N-lauryl-p-iminodipropionate or lecithin; anionic surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, mono/dialkyl polyglycol ether orthophosphoric acid ester monoethanolamine salt; cation-active surfactants, such as cetyltrimethylammonium chloride.

Suitable further auxiliaries are: substances which enhance the viscosity and stabilize the emulsion, such as carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose and other cellulose and starch derivatives, polyacrylates, alginates, gelatin, gum arabic, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride, polyethylene glycols, waxes, colloidal silicic acid or mixtures of the substances mentioned.

Suspensions can be administered orally or topically/dermally. They are prepared by suspending the active compound in a suspending agent, if appropriate with addition of other auxiliaries such as wetting agents, colorants, bioabsorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers.

Liquid suspending agents are all homogeneous solvents and solvent mixtures.

Suitable wetting agents (dispersants) are the emulsifiers given above.

Other auxiliaries which may be mentioned are those given above.

Semi-solid preparations can be administered orally or topically/dermally. They differ from the suspensions and emulsions described above only by their higher viscosity.

For the production of solid preparations, the active compound is mixed with suitable excipients, if appropriate with addition of auxiliaries, and brought into the desired form.

Suitable excipients are all physiologically tolerable solid inert substances. Those used are inorganic and organic substances. Inorganic substances are, for example, sodium chloride, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, hydrogencarbonates, aluminium oxides, titanium oxide, silicic acids, argillaceous earths, precipitated or colloidal silica, or phosphates. Organic substances are, for example, sugar, cellulose, foodstuffs and feeds such as milk powder, animal meal, grain meals and shreds, starches.

Suitable auxiliaries are preservatives, antioxidants, and/or colorants which have been mentioned above.

Other suitable auxiliaries are lubricants and glidants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, bentonites, disintegration-promoting substances such as starch or crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone, binders such as starch, gelatin or linear polyvinylpyrrolidone, and dry binders such as microcrystalline cellulose.

The compositions which can be used in the disclosure can comprise generally from about 0.001 to 95% of the compound of the present disclosure.

Generally it is favorable to apply the compounds of the present disclosure in total amounts of 0.5 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per day, preferably 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg per day.

Ready-to-use preparations comprise the compounds acting against parasites, preferably ectoparasites, in concentrations of 10 ppm to 80% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 65% by weight, more preferably from 1 to 50% by weight, most preferably from 5 to 40% by weight.

Preparations which are diluted before use comprise the compounds acting against ectoparasites in concentrations of 0.5 to 90% by weight, preferably of 1 to 50% by weight.

Furthermore, the preparations comprise the compounds of the present disclosure against endoparasites in concentrations of 10 ppm to 2% by weight, preferably of 0.05 to 0.9% by weight, very particularly preferably of 0.005 to 0.25% by weight.

In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the compositions comprising the compounds of the present disclosure are applied dermally/topically.

In a further preferred embodiment, the topical application is conducted in the form of compound-containing shaped articles such as collars, medallions, ear tags, bands for fixing at body parts, and adhesive strips and foils.

Generally it is favorable to apply solid formulations which release compounds of the present disclosure in total amounts of 10 mg/kg to 300 mg/kg, preferably 20 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg, most preferably 25 mg/kg to 160 mg/kg body weight of the treated animal in the course of three weeks.

For the preparation of the shaped articles, thermoplastic and flexible plastics as well as elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers are used. Suitable plastics and elastomers are polyvinyl resins, polyurethane, polyacrylate, epoxy resins, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, polyamides and polyester which are sufficiently compatible with the compounds of the present disclosure. A detailed list of plastics and elastomers as well as preparation procedures for the shaped articles is given e.g., in WO 03/086075 which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes.

The compounds of the present disclosure can also be used as a mixture with synergists or with other active compounds which act against pathogenic endo- and ectoparasites.

When applied in a mixture with synergists or with other active compounds, the compounds of the present disclosure, especially the active compounds of formula (I), can be applied for example with synthetic coccidiosis compounds, polyetherantibiotics as Amprolium, Robenidin, Toltrazuril, Monensin, Salino-mycin, Maduramicin, Lasalocid, Narasin or Semduramicin or with other pesticides which are described in the list M (M.1 to M.27) above.

EXAMPLES

The processes of the present disclosure are further illustrated by the following Examples. These Examples should not be viewed in a limiting sense.

Example 1 Preparation of Compounds of Formula (I)

Compound (A) (2.16 g), compound (B) (1.9 g), picolin (0.93 g) and toluene (20 ml) were mixed and kept at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were removed at 60° C. under vacuum to receive 3.5 g of the product (C). Analysis by H-NMR (CDCl₃) confirmed the structure (C) (compound 1406 referenced below).

Compound (D) (2.48 g), compound (B) (1.9 g), picolin (0.93 g) and toluene (20 ml) were mixed and kept at room temperature overnight. The volatiles were removed at 60° C. under vacuum to receive 3.8 g of the product (E). Analysis by H-NMR (CDCl₃) confirmed the structure (E) (compound 1405 referenced below).

Example 2 Contact Irritancy Testing Performed on Mosquitoes

Four compounds of formula (I) were tested for contact irritancy (i.e., movement away from the source after physical contact) at low doses on female Aedes aegypti (Thailand strain) mosquitoes. The contact irritant response was determined by use of the contact irritant assay disclosed by Grieco et al. in “A New Classification System for the Actions of IRS Chemicals Traditionally Used for Malaria Control,” Plos One, Issue 8 (2007) (available at www.plosone.org). The assay used was a cylindrical assembly that included a metal treatment end to which 10 mosquitoes were introduced and a clear receiving chamber. The treatment end included a netting strip (nylon organdy) that was treated with the insecticide of interest at the relevant dose. A butterfly valve separated the treatment end from the remainder of the assembly.

Each composition was applied to the netting strip at a varied dose via a 1.5 ml acetone solution. Four (4) treatment concentrations were used—0.0025 nmol/cm², 0.025 nmol/cm², 0.25 nmol/cm² and 2.5 nmol/cm². Netting was allowed to dry for 15 minutes prior to placement in the cylinder. Control assays were performed with netting treated with acetone only.

For each run, 10 mosquitoes were transferred into the treatment end of the assembly and, after 30 seconds, the butterfly valve was opened. The valve was closed after 10 minutes and the number of mosquitoes in the clear end (i.e., the number of escaped mosquitoes) was tested.

Four compounds of formula (I) which is produced again below were tested:

The R¹, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹ and R¹² functional groups for each compound tested are shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Functional groups for the Compounds Tested in Example 2. Compound R¹ R² R¹⁰ R¹¹ R¹² 1403 F F F —CF₃ F 1405 —CF₃ Cl F —CF₃ F 1406 Cl Cl F —CF₃ F 1415 —CF₃ Cl F —CH(CH₃)₂ H Two additional compounds were tested for purposes of comparison—alpha cypermethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).

The results of the testing are shown in FIG. 1. The corrected mean escaping numbers are corrected for the number that escape in the control. As can be seen from FIG. 1, compounds 1403, 1405, 1406 and 1415 showed contact irritancy at relatively low doses. Compound 1415 showed contact irritancy at a lower dose than alphacypermethrin.

Example 3 Spatial Repellency Testing Performed on Mosquitoes

The four compounds of formula I described in Example 2 were tested for spatial repellency (directed movement away from the chemical source without the insect making physical contact with the treated surface) at low doses on female Aedes aegypti (Thailand strain) mosquitoes. The spatial repellency response was determined by use of the spatial repellency assay disclosed by Grieco et al. in “A New Classification System for the Actions of IRS Chemicals Traditionally Used for Malaria Control” in Plos One, Issue 8 (2007) (available at www.plosone.org) which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes. The assay used was a cylindrical assembly that included a treatment chamber at one end and a control chamber at the other end. The treatment chamber included a netting strip (nylon organdy) that was treated with the insecticide of interest at the relevant dose. The treatment chamber and control chamber were connected by a clear cylinder and were separated from the clear cylinder by butterfly valves. Twenty (20) mosquitoes were introduced into the clear central chamber and the butterfly valves were opened after 30 seconds. After 10 minutes, the valves were closed and the number of mosquitoes in each chamber was counted.

The compositions were applied to the net strips by the same methods and at the same concentrations as described in Example 2 above. Alphacypermethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were also tested for comparison.

The results of the testing are shown in FIG. 2. As can be seen from FIG. 2, all compounds showed spatial repellency at relatively low doses. Compounds 1403 and 1405 showed repellency at a lower dose than DDT.

Example 4 Contact Irritancy and Spatial Repellency Screening

The four compounds of formula I listed in Example 2 were mapped with 3000 other compounds to determine which compounds exhibited both contact irritancy and spatial repellency. Dosage was 25 nmol/cm². Several known compounds were also mapped for comparison—alphacypermethrin, cypermethrin, propoxur, bendiocarb, permethrin, SS220, DDT, deet and chlorpyrifos. As can be seen from FIG. 3, the four compounds of Example 2 (1403, 1405, 1406 and 1415) were characterized by superior contact irritancy and spatial repellency relative to most screened compounds.

Example 5 Contact Irritancy Testing Performed on Metabolically Resistant Mosquitoes

The contact irritancy protocol of Example 2 was used to determine contact irritancy against mosquitoes (Ae. Aegypti) that had acquired metabolic resistance against pyrethroids. Alphacypermethrin and transfluthrin were also tested. Three mosquito strains were tested—Houston which is pyrethroid susceptible, That which is pyrethroid tolerant and Isla Mujer which is metabolically pyrethroid resistant.

As can be seen from FIG. 4, the tested compounds 1403, 1405, 1406 and 1415 were contact irritants for tolerant strains (That) and 1403, 1405 and 1406 were effective in resistant strains (Isla Mujer). In contrast, standard pyrethroids are known to lose some of there effectiveness in resistant populations. Data for the Houston strain with transfluthrin was not available.

Example 6 Spatial Repellency Testing Performed on Metabolically Resistant Mosquitoes

The spatial repellency protocol of Example 3 was used to determine spatial repellency against mosquitoes (Ae. Aegypti) that had acquired metabolic resistance against pyrethroids. DDT and transfluthrin were also tested. Three mosquito strains were tested—Houston which is pyrethroid susceptible, That which is pyrethroid tolerant and Isla Mujer which is metabolically pyrethroid resistant.

As can be seen from FIG. 5, the tested compounds 1403, 1405, 1406 and 1415 were spatial repellants for all strains.

Example 7 Toxicity Testing Performed on Mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti)

Several compounds were tested to determine their toxic effect on Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Three mosquito strains were tested—Houston which is pyrethroid susceptible, That which is pyrethroid tolerant and Isla Mujer which is metabolically pyrethroid resistant.

The toxicity assay involved a single chamber to which treated netting was added. Twenty (20) mosquitoes were transferred to the chamber. After 1 hour, the number of knocked down mosquitoes was recorded and all mosquitoes were transferred to holding cartoons. The mosquitoes were given a 10% sucrose-soaked cotton ball and returned to the insectary. Mortaility was measured after 24 hours. A control assay using acetone-treated netting was used. Six replicates were performed at each treatment concentration.

The compounds of formula I that were tested include 1403, 1405 and 1406 listed above in Example 2 as well as several additional compounds

The toxicity of permethrin, alphacypermethrin and metafluthrin were also determined for purposes of comparison. The results of the toxicity testing are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Toxicity results for compounds tested according to the method of Example 7. Houston (% Thai (% dead Isla mujeres (% dead (SE)) (SE)) dead (SE)) Dose Time (Hours) (nm/cm²) 1 24 1 24 1 24 Permethrin 0.25 100 100    87.49    14.68 (0) (0)   (1.31)   (3.8) Permethrin 2.5 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) Alpha- 0.25 100 100 100   83.9    96.66    41.06 cypermethrin (0) (0) (0)   (8.0)   (3.33)  (20.9) Alpha- 2.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 cypermethrin (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Metafluthrin 0.025 100 100 100   89.2   56.3    21.89 (0) (0) (0)   (1.8)   (4.66)   (3.7) Metafluthrin 0.25 100 100 100 100 100    77.27 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)  (22.7) Metafluthrin 2.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Transfluthrin 0.025 100 100 100   91.7 100    1.6 (0) (0) (0)   (4.9) (0)   (1.6) Transfluthrin 0.25 100 100 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Transfluthrin 2.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) 1403 0.025    11.76    15.57  15  0  0    1.58   (8.98)   (7.14)   (2.88) (0) (0)   (1.58) 1403 0.05   51.3    41.18  0    5.93   (1.31)   (6.18) (0)   (3.81) 1403 0.0725 100 100  0    3.70 (0) (0) (0)   (3.70) 1403 0.1 100 100  0    5.00 (0) (0) (0)   (2.88) 1403 0.125 100 100  0    6.00 (0) (0) (0)   (0.33) 1403 0.2 100 100  70  20 (0) (0)   (8.8)   (4.1) 1403 0.25 100 100 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) 1403 2.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) 1405 0.025 100 100   83.3  15 100    11.84 (0) (0)   (4.4)   (2.88) (0)   (7.24) 1405 0.0725 100 100 100 100 100    9.69 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)   (0.30) 1405 0.125 100 100 100 100 100    9.89 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)   (7.16) 1405 0.25 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1405 2.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) 1406 0.00725  0    7.77 (0)   (1.46) 1406 0.025 100 100 100   98.3 100    42.77 (0) (0) (0)   (1.7) (0)  (19.3) 1406 0.0725 100 100 100 100    96.29    25.37 (0) (0) (0) (0)   (3.70)   (5.42) 1406 0.125 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1406 0.25 100 100   96.6 100 100 100 0) (0)   (3.3) (0) (0) (0) 1406 2.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)

As can be seen from Table 2, compounds 1403, 1405 and 1406 were more toxic to resistant populations than permethrin, matfluthrin and transfluthrin and at doses below that found to be toxic in the standard compounds.

Example 8 Toxicity Testing Performed on Mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae)

Several compounds were tested to determine their toxic effect on knockdown resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes and susceptible mosquitoes. Acetone and different amounts of pesticides were added to 250 ml bottles. In one bottle, only acetone was added as a control. The bottles were rotated in all directions while uncapped until all acetone was evaporated and the insecticide was coated onto the inside surfaces of the bottle. A number of knockdown resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were added to the bottle. The number of dead mosquitoes was recorded at 1 hour and 24 hours.

The compounds of formula I that were tested include 1405 and 1406 listed above in Example 2. The toxicity of metafluthrin and permethrin were also determined for purposes of comparison. The results of the toxicity testing are shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Toxicity results for compounds tested according to the method of Example 8 (SE—standard error). KDR Resisant Susceptible An. Gambiae An. Gambiae (% dead (% dead (SE)) (SE)) Dose Strain Time (Hours) (μg/bottle) Tested 1 24 1 24 Metafluthrin 0.0025 F123  10  25 100  86 (2) (8) (0) (1) Metafluthrin 0.025 F123  47  86 100 100 (3) (6) (0) (0) Metafluthrin 0.25 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) Metafluthrin 2.5 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) Permethrin 0.25 F123  0  24 100 100 (0) (4) (0) (0) Permethrin 2.5 F123  25  78 100 100 (6)   (2.5) (0) (0) 1405 0.0025 F122 100  66 100  95 (0) (3) (0) (1) 1405 0.025 F122 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1405 0.25 F122 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1405 2.5 F122 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1405 0.00025 F123  55  37 100  87 (7) (5) (0) (2) 1405 0.0025 F123  92 100 100 100 (2) (0) (0) (0) 1405 0.025 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1405 0.25 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1405 2.5 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1405 25 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1406 0.00025 F122 1406 0.0025 F122 1406 0.025 F122 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1406 0.25 F122 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1406 2.5 F122 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1406 0.00025 F123 1406 0.0025 F123 1406 0.025 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1406 0.25 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0) 1406 2.5 F123 100 100 100 100 (0) (0) (0) (0)

As shown by Table 3, compounds 1405 and 1406 are effective against knockdown resistant strains when other compounds such as permethrin and metafluthrin are less effective. This suggests that compounds 1405 and 1406 (and compounds of formula I generally) possess a high degree of activity while utilizing a novel mode of action that is different from pyrethroids.

Example 9 Compound Residual Life: Spatial Repellency

The spatial repellency assay of Example 3 was used to determine the residual life of compound 1405 on Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Compound 1405 (neat, suspended in acetone) was applied by pipette to the netting material and the netting material was maintained at room temperature. The assay was performed at 0, 24 and 48 hours.

Nets were treated and tested at times 0 hour, 24 hour and 48 hour. The nets were held at room temperature between tests. The spatial activity index (“SAI” which varies from −1 to 1 with zero (0) indicating no response) and spatial repellency (SR) were determined. SAI is the measure of the proportion of females in the control chamber over the treated chamber after correcting for the proportion of females in the control chamber. The results of the testing are shown in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Spatial repellency residual data for compounds tested in accordance with Example 8 (SE—standard error). Responding Time Mosquitoes SAI³ Compound Dose (hr) % (SE) (SE) SR⁴ P > S 1405 25 0 58(4) 0.3(0.1) 21.5 0.0039 1405 25 24 66(6) 0.5(0.1) 22.5 0.0039 1405 25 48 57(3) 0.4(0.1) 22.5 0.0039 1405 2.5 0 53(5) 0.5(0.1) 21.5 0.0078 1405 2.5 24 64(4) 0.3(0.1) 18 0.0078

Results shown in Table 4 demonstrate that there was spatial repellent activity applied to netting out to at least 48 hours for the higher (25 nmole) dosing and for at least 24 hours at the lower (2.5 nmole) dosing.

Example 10 Compound Residual Life: Contact Irritancy

Contact irritancy tests (blind testing) were performed for several samples of compounds 1405 and 1406 at 0 weeks, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks to determine the residual contact irritancy of the compounds on mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti). Between testing, the nets were hung in the lab and held at a temperature of 27-29° C. and 56-67% relative humidity. Each run was performed 6 times for each sample with 10 mosquitoes used in each run (60 mosquitoes total). The results are shown in Table 5 below

TABLE 5 Contact irritancy residual data for compounds tested in accordance with Example10 (SE—standard error). Number escaping Percent Time (mean +/− SE) escaping_(c) ² Chemical (week) treated control (mean ± SE) 1405 0 3.0 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 85 ± 4 1405 0 2.3 ± 0.8 0.3 ± 0.2 88 ± 5 1405 0 1.0 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.2 90 ± 5 1405 0 2.5 ± 0.2 0.0 ± 0.0 80 ± 5 1406 0 3.8 ± 0.5 0.1 ± 0.1 80 ± 2 1406 0 3.2 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 0.2 87 ± 4 1406 0 3.2 ± 1.2 0.0 ± 0.0 87 ± 7 1406 0 4.0 ± 1.0 0.1 ± 0.1 87 ± 10 1405 2 1.7 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 47 ± 6 1405 2 2.2 ± 0.7 0.2 ± 0.2 42 ± 7 1405 2 1.7 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 47 ± 3 1405 2 1.7 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.1 47 ± 4 1406 2 2.5 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 57 ± 4 1406 2 2.7 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.2 63 ± 5 1406 2 2.5 ± 0.8 0.0 ± 0.0 58 ± 7 1406 2 2.2 ± 0.2 0.3 ± 0.2 62 ± 8 1405 4 3.3 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 67 ± 4 1405 4 2.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 27 ± 7 1405 4 1.8 ± 0.7 0.1 ± 0.1 20 ± 8 1405 4 1.5 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 15 ± 5 1406 4 2.0 ± 0.4 0.2 ± 0.2 50 ± 10 1406 4 2.3 ± 0.5 0.2 ± 0.2 47 ± 4 1406 4 2.5 ± 0.4 0.0 ± 0.0 45 ± 4 1406 4 2.5 ± 0.8 0.1 ± 0.1 35 ± 8 1405 8 1.8 ± 0.5 0.0 ± 0.0 38 ± 5 1405 8 2.2 ± 0.5 0.3 ± 0.2 22 ± 5 1405 8 1.8 ± 0.9 0.0 ± 0.0 18 ± 9 1405 8 1.5 ± 0.6 0.0 ± 0.0 15 ± 6 1406 8 4.0 ± 1.0 0.3 ± 0.2 40 ± 10 1406 8 2.7 ± 0.2 0.1 ± 0.1 37 ± 2 1406 8 1.7 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 27 ± 7 1406 8 1.8 ± 0.9 0.0 ± 0.0 28 ± 9 1405 12 3.8 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 0.1 38 ± 9 1405 12 2.3 ± 0.3 0.0 ± 0.0 23 ± 3 1405 12 1.2 ± 0.7 0.1 ± 0.1 12 ± 7 1405 12 1.5 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 15 ± 3 1406 12 3.7 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 0.1 37 ± 4 1406 12 2.6 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 31 ± 4 1406 12 2.2 ± 0.7 0.0 ± 0.0 22 ± 6 1406 12 1.3 ± 0.3 0.1 ± 0.1 19 ± 5

As can be seen from Table 5, while there was a decrease in activity over the course of the 12 week test period, all net samples showed a high level of activity to at least 2 weeks. Most samples showed significant contact irritant activity out to 12 weeks post initial testing. The samples treated with compound 1406 showed to be the most residual with the highest level of activity out to 12 weeks.

Example 11 Compound Residual Life: Spatial Repellency

Further residual spatial repellency effect was tested. The procedure of Example 10 was used with the spatial repellency assay. The results are shown in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 Spatial repellent residual data for compounds tested in accordance with Example 11 (SE—standard error). Mean Mean Responding (%) WSAI Chemical (SE) (SE) SRW⁴ P > S 1405 63(4) 31(6) 18 0.0078 1405 66(5) 31(5) 22.5 0.0039 1405 48(2) 22(3) 22.5 0.0039 1405 59(6) 29(5) 22.5 0.0039 1406 61(5) 26(4) 22.5 0.0039 1406 62(5) 26(2) 22.5 0.0039 1406 55(4) 25(4) 18 0.0078 1406 49(5) 21(4) 22.5 0.0039 1405 37(2) 12(5) 15.5 0.0391 1405 43(4) 18(5) 14 0.0156 1405 32(4) 13(3) 20.5 0.0156 1405 29(3) 15(4) 18 0.0078 1406 50(5) 14(3) 18 0.0078 1406 51(3) 16(3) 22.5 0.0039 1406 38(5) 21(6) 22.5 0.0039 1406 27(3) 18(4) 16 0.0156 1405 38(3) 11(3) 21 0.0117 1405 34(3) 10(3) 16.5 0.0234 1405 19(3) 8(2) 10.5 0.0313 1405 22(2) 7(2) 15.5 0.0391 1406 46(3) 16(4) 21 0.0117 1406 35(2) 13(3) 22.5 0.0039 1406 26(4) 11(4) 16 0.0313 1406 31(3) 11(3) 18 0.0078 1405 22(3) 7(3) 14 0.0625 1405 31(3) 9(3) 17.5 0.0469 1405 17(4) 8(3) 12 0.0625 1405 15(4) 12(4) 4.5 0.1328 1406 26(3) 10(3) 16.5 0.0234 1406 28(2) 12(2) 18 0.0078 1406 18(3) 8(4) 6 0.0625 1406 16(2) 8(3) 7 0.0625 1405 21(4) 3(3) 10.5 0.2773 1405 29(4) 13(5) 14.5 0.0469 1405 13(2) 3(3) 7 0.2813 1405 19(3) 6(3) 12 0.1328 1406 29(4) 5(2) 15.5 0.0469 1406 21(3) 8(5) 11.5 0.0469 1406 20(2) 7(3) 10 0.2813 1406 22(4) 6(3) 13.5 0.0469

As can be seen from Table 6, while there was a decrease in activity over the course of the 12 week test period, the results were similar to the contact irritant tests and all net samples showed a high level of activity out to at least 2 weeks. Nearly all samples satisfied the 8 week test period and most samples satisfied the 12 week test period. Compound 1406 appeared to be the more residual of the two compounds tested.

Example 12 Repellency Field Studies

Compound 1405 was tested in field studies in Belize at a concentration of 2.5 nmole/cm². The field studies involved use of huts that were equipped with entrance and exit traps. The hut design and collection procedures correspond to those disclosed by Suwonkerd et al. in “The Effect of Host Type on Movement Patters of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) into and out of Experimental Huts in Thailand,” J. Vector. Ecol., vol. 31 (2), p. 311-318 (2006) which is incorporated herein by reference for all relevant and consistent purposes. The huts were equipped with entrance and/or exit traps at entry and exit points (e.g., windows and doors). The huts were randomized and designated as control (no treatment) or treated (with some intervention being evaluated). The relative numbers of mosquitoes entering or leaving the treated vs. control huts was determined. An. Vestitipennis, An. Albimanus, An. Punctimacula, An. Crucians and a large number of other culicines were collected in the traps. An. Vestitipennis comprised the majority of what was collected.

Mosquito counts were performed for four days. The number of An. Vestitipennis species collected over the four day period can be seen in FIGS. 6-9. As can be seen from the Figures, Compound 1405 showed a gradual decrease in activity over the course of the four day study but was extremely effective as a repellent. On night one, the compound caused a 97% reduction in entering populations. This is identical to what has been observed with DDT.

Table 7 below shows the entrance repellency data for An. Vestitipennis vs. a control (no repellant used) over the four day period.

TABLE 7 Number of An Vistitpennis collected during field testing according to Example 12. Control (Number Compound 1405 - Collected in 2.5 nmole (Number Day Entrance) Collected in Entrance) Reduction (%) 1 1231 37 97% 2 632 99 84% 3 510 173 66% 4 658 232 65% Total 3031 541 82% As can be seen from Table 7, compound 1405 reduced the number of An. Vestitipennis species mosquitoes entering the hut by 82%.

When introducing elements of the present disclosure or the embodiment(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. The use of terms indicating a particular orientation (e.g., “top”, “bottom”, “side”, etc.) is for convenience of description and does not require any particular orientation of the item described.

As various changes could be made in the above constructions and methods without departing from the scope of the disclosure, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawing[s] shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 

1. A process for making a compound of Formula I

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is selected from —C(R³)═ or —N═, wherein R³ is hydrogen, F or CN; Y is CH or N; R¹ is selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₄alkyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl and [1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as allowed by valence independently selected from the group consisting of: F and hydroxy; and R² is selected from hydrogen, methyl, F, Cl, or Br; comprising initiating the reaction of a compound of Formula F

wherein E¹ is selected from halogen, —C(O)—O—R″, —CN, —CONRR′, —NRR′, —CH₂—OR, OR, methyl and vinyl, wherein each R and R′ are independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or benzyl and R″ is H or a carbon containing substituent capable of being solubilized to a carboxylic acid, E² is a functional group that has leaving ability, and PG is a nitrogen protecting group, in an organic phase, in the presence of a mono- or bis-quaterary cinchona alkaloid salt and an inorganic base in an aqueous phase, to form a biphasic medium comprising the aqueous phase and organic phase, to make a compound of Formula G

when E¹ is other than —C(O)—O—H, replacing E¹ with or converting E¹ to a carboxylic acid utilizing a suitable chemical reaction to yield a compound of Formula H

deprotecting the compound of Formula H to yield the compound of Formula C

optionally isolated as a salt, and coupling the compound of Formula C with a compound of Formula B

optionally as a salt, under conditions for an amide bond formation between an acid and an amine to yield a compound of Formula I.
 2. The process according to claim 1 wherein the cinchona alkaloid salt is bis-quaternary and has the chemical structure of Formula II:

wherein: R^(A) is

R^(B) is selected from hydrogen and methoxy, R^(C) and R^(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl-C₁₋₄alkyl and heteroary-C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and the aryl and heteroaryl portions of aryl-C₁₋₄alkyl and heteroary-C₁₋₄alkyl are optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from R^(F), R^(E) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C(O)R, C(O)OR, CONRR′, and C₁₋₆alkyl, R^(F) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, aryl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, CO₂R, CONRR′, SR, SO₂R, SO₃R, PR₃, PO(OR)₂, PO(OR)(NRR′), PO(NRR′)₂, P(OR)₂, P(OR)(NRR′), P(NRR′)₂, SiRR′R″, B(OR)₂, C(O)R, NRR′, NO₂, halogen and CF₃, each R, R′ and R″ is independently selected from the group consisting of, H, C₁₋₁₆alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁₋₁₆alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, —CH₂-aryl, —CH₂-heteroaryl, and each X and Y are independently anions selected from halide, OH, HSO₄, SO₄, BF₄, SbF₆, carboxylate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, NO₃, sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate and perchlorate.
 3. The process according to claim 1 wherein E¹ is halogen and carbonylation of the compound of Formula G is via palladium catalyzed reaction with carbon monoxide whereby the compound of Formula G is reacted with carbon monoxide in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a first base and a ligand to yield a compound of Formula H.
 4. The process according to claim 3 wherein the ligand is a phosphine ligand.
 5. The process according to claim 1 wherein E¹ is halogen and carbonylation of the compound of Formula G is via Grignard reagent formation whereby the compound of Formula G is reacted with magnesium or lithium followed by CO₂ and an acid to yield a compound of Formula H.
 6. The process according to claim 1 wherein PG is selected from the group consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl, vinyl, C(O)—O-L, C(O)-L, aryl, hetroaryl, benzyl, benzhydryl, trityl, anthranyl and C₁₋₆ alkoxymethyl, wherein aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, benzyhydryl and trityl optionally are substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from methoxy and nitro, C₁₋₆alkoxymethyl is optionally substituted with trimethylsilyl and L is C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl or benzyl.
 7. The process according to claim 1 wherein E² is selected from the group consisting of: halogen, OMs, OTs, OBs, OP(O)(OR^(i))₄, OC(O)R^(i), OC(O)OR^(i) and OC(O)NR^(i)R^(ii), wherein R^(i) and R^(ii) are independently selected from H and C₁₋₆alkyl.
 8. The process according to claim 1 wherein the organic phase is selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methyl tert-butyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, acetonitrile, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, butanol and amyl alcohol.
 9. The process according to claim 1 wherein the inorganic base is selected from the group consisting of: sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium hydroxide, cesium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, lithium hydrogen carbonate, lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, lithium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate.
 10. The process according to claim 1 wherein the organic phase is toluene and the inorganic base is sodium hydroxide.
 11. The process according to claim 1 wherein the compound of Formula C is isolated as a salt selected from HCl, H₂SO₄, Na, K, L₁, H₃PO₄ and HBF₄.
 12. The process according to claim 2 wherein, in the bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of Formula II, R^(C) and R^(D) are independently C₁₋₆alkyl or benzyl and wherein the C₁₋₆alkyl or phenyl portion of each of said benzyl is optionally substituted with one to five substituents independently selected from R^(F).
 13. The process according to claim 12 wherein in the bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of Formula II, R^(B) is methoxy.
 14. The process according to claim 13 wherein in the bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of Formula II, R^(F) is selected from halogen and methoxy.
 15. The process according to claim 1 wherein the bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt is of the formula

R^(B) R^(C) R^(D) X⁻ Y⁻ OMe

Br Br H

Br Br H

I I H

Br I H

Br Br H Me

Br I H

Br Br H

Allyl Br Br


16. The process according to claim 1 further comprising making a compound of Formula F by reacting a compound of Formula J

wherein E³ and E⁴ are independently functional groups that have leaving ability, with R⁴—Z¹ or a salt thereof and HC(O)—N(R⁵)₂ wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Z¹ is magnesium halide or lithium and each R⁵ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl, to yield a compound of Formula K

reacting the compound of Formula K with a first reducing agent to yield a compound of Formula L, wherein said first reducing agent is independently: H₂, HCO₂H, HCO₂NH₄, NaBH₄, LiBH₄ or LiAlH₄:

introducing an alcohol protecting group (APG) to the compound of Formula L to yield a compound of Formula M, wherein APG is: THP, tetrahydrofuryl, SEM, MOM, BOM, TMS, TES, TBDMS, TIPS or benzyl which is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, methyl. methoxy and nitro:

(i) reductive carbonylation of the compound of Formula M via palladium catalyzed reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen or (ii) reacting the compound of Formula M with R⁶—Z² or a salt thereof and HC(O)—N(R⁷)₂ wherein R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Z² is magnesium halide or lithium and each R⁷ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl, to yield a compound of Formula N

and following step (a) or step (b) below to yield a compound of Formula F Step (a)—coupling the compound of Formula N with a compound of Formula O

in the presence of a second base to yield a compound of Formula P

and reacting the compound of Formula P with a second reducing agent, wherein said second reducing agent is independently: H₂, HCO₂H, HCO₂NH₄, NaBH₄, LiBH₄ or LiAlH₄, followed by alcohol deptrotection and replacement of the alcohol with the appropriate leaving group E² to yield a compound of Formula F, or Step (b)—reducing the aldehyde in the compound of Formula N to an alcohol to produce a compound of Formula Q

reacting the compound of Formula Q with an activating agent to yield a compound of Formula R

wherein E⁵ is independently a functional group that has leaving ability, and coupling the compound of Formula R with a compound of Formula O in the presence of a second base wherein said second base is: DBU, N,N-Diisopropylethylamine, TEA, morpholine or N-methylmorpholine to yield a compound of Formula S

followed by alcohol deprotection and replacement of the alcohol with the appropriate leaving group E² to yield a compound of Formula F.
 17. The process according to claim 16 wherein E³ and E⁴ are independently halogen.
 18. The process according to claim 16 wherein the compound of Formula N is made by reacting the compound of Formula M with R⁶—Z² or a salt thereof and HC(O)—N(R⁷)₂ wherein R⁶ is C₁₋₆alkyl, Z² is magnesium halide or lithium and each R⁷ is independently H or C₁₋₆alkyl, to yield a compound of Formula N. 19-22. (canceled)
 23. The process according to claim 16 wherein the second base is an inorganic base.
 24. A compound selected from the following group:

or a salt of any of the foregoing. 